Aida is a 4th-year radiology resident at the University of Toronto. She has been a member of the CAIR Residents and Fellows Section for the past three years, where she currently acts as the Vice Chair. She shares her perspectives as a resident pursuing interventional radiology.

What initially sparked your interest in interventional radiology, and how did your experiences during residency influence your decision to specialize in this field?

In medical school I was drawn to procedural specialties which led me to organize an interventional radiology elective. I was instantly captivated by the dynamic and innovative field of IR. IR seemed to embody the forefront of medicine—cutting-edge, rapidly evolving, and integral to patient care. Upon starting radiology residency, I arranged multiple IR rotations early on in my training to gain more exposure to the field. Despite the long days and the complex nature of the speciality with its steep learning curve, IR was consistently the rotation where I felt most engaged and fulfilled.

Looking for ways to explore this field, I became involved in research projects which opened doors for presenting at conferences and meeting interventionalists from Canada, United States and Europe. These experiences broadened my understanding of the diverse scope of IR. Furthermore, I met role models, including other female IRs, who were leading successful and fulfilling careers. Their mentorship and willingness to discuss the field with me were invaluable. Additionally, my involvement with CAIR has been a key part of my journey. The organization provided me with numerous opportunities to engage in IR-related projects particularly within the Residents and Fellows section, where I now have the privilege of acting as vice chair

What advice would you give to women as medical students or residents who are still exploring different specialties but are curious about interventional radiology?

Consider exploring IR as a specialty early on in your training. Explore the field by organizing IR electives and rotations. Work with various staff, and at different sites in order to explore the breadth and depth of a career in IR.

Become involved in the IR community. Join the CAIR organization, which gives you access to several in-person and virtual events where you can learn more about the field, network with IR fellows and staff, and attend the CAIR annual conference.

Lastly, pave your own path. Don’t be limited by what others perceive is a good career fit for you. Don’t let naysayers discourage you from pursuing your passion. Afterall, there are successful female surgeons across all surgical specialties, and IR is not any different.

Can you share any advice on how to build a professional network during residency, particularly within the field of interventional radiology?

Attend IR conferences and meetings, where you can network with people across the country and beyond. For me, I did not see a lot of women in IR at my current institution, however when I attended national and international conferences, I saw that there were many women in IR, with fulfilling and successful careers, who were spearheading trials, leading departments, and performing cutting edge procedures; these became the people whom I looked up to.

Share with others you are interested in IR. This opens up opportunities as they will connect you to mentors and put your name forward when opportunities come up. Reach out to residents and fellows pursuing IR for career exploration, who can provide guidance and be a great resource.

Are there any specific resident-focused organizations, workshops, or conferences that you found particularly beneficial for career development in interventional radiology?

The CAIR Residents and Fellows section hold several events throughout the year, including Virtual Angio Club, introduction to IR events for medical students, women in IR panel discussions, just to name a few! The CAIR annual meeting along with its Trainee Day is also another excellent opportunity to network and learn about IR.

The Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology Society of Europe (CIRSE) conferences are also great events to attend and learn about IR at a global stage. Both societies also offer a myriad of virtual meetings which are valuable avenues for career exploration.

What role do mentorship and peer support play in your residency experience, and how have you sought out these resources?

I was fortunate to have many incredible mentors who took the time to teach me procedures, even on their busiest days, encouraged me to attend conferences, supported my research projects, and genuinely invested in helping me pursue this specialty. Senior residents and fellows also played a crucial role by offering valuable insights on how to navigate the process of preparing for and applying to the field. As you consider a career in interventional radiology, you may encounter well-intentioned individuals who voice doubts or reinforce stereotypical views of the field, such as: IR is not well-suited for women, that it doesn’t align with family life, or that it often leads to burnout. Having strong mentors whom you can look up to—individuals who can share personal, real-life experiences of practicing IR and offer a balanced perspective on these concerns—can be incredibly helpful in making an informed decision about pursuing a career in IR.

Can you share your journey into interventional radiology and what inspired you to pursue this specialty?

I have always enjoyed medical procedures and thought I would end up in a surgical specialty. All that changed one day when I was a General Practitioner: I was working in ICU and we had a patient in the unit with pancreatitis who was not doing too well. He developed a large pancreatic pseudocyst and was too unstable for surgery. The doctors in the unit recommended CT guided drainage of the pseudocyst and I was very curious to know how that is done. I quickly volunteered to go with the patient to the radiology unit for the procedure, which I also got to assist in. After the procedure the patients condition improved dramatically and he was discharged about 3 weeks later. That was a career pivot for me. I became so fascinated about everything IR and started doing more research around it: how minimally invasive procedures can solve complex clinical challenges reducing hospital stay, recovery time and, in many cases, risk to the patient. I was also drawn to how innovative IR is: many procedures we do now started as new solutions for managing pathological contexts in a minimally invasive manner. The following year I applied for a Diagnostic Radiology residency in my home country, Kenya, which I completed 2 years ago and went ahead to apply for fellowship, which I started at the University of Toronto in July 2024.

How do you balance work and personal life in a demanding field like interventional radiology?

It requires a lot of intentionality and emotional intelligence. I am still seeking that balance, because fellowship is very demanding in terms of work and mental application. It helps to develop a daily self-care routine: I am a Christian and make it a point to start my day connecting with God to sets a positive tone for the day. I am deliberate about creating time to rest each evening and connect with friends and family over the weekends. I’m lucky to have a strong support system who are able to step in and support me both morally and in everyday activities, for example childcare. I have made it a point to communicate with my family and prepare them for seasons where I have to focus on work-related tasks and dedicate more time to them when work eases up.

In terms of work, I strive to prioritize tasks and complete them as efficiently as possible in a timely manner, one at a time. I have learnt to accept setbacks and make adjustments to my plans and schedules as need be. I am also learning how to set both professional and personal boundaries.

What advice do you have for women who are aspiring to enter the field of interventional radiology?

Embrace the learning process. The IR learning curve can be steep and plagued with a number of challenges by virtue of the complexity and number of procedures performed as well as the volumes in some centers, but stay focused on your goal and do not give up. Be patient with yourself.

Focus on progress rather than perfection. Any little advancement in skillset and knowledge compounds over time. Embrace a growth mindset and take any mistakes as learning opportunities. Celebrate any small achievements along the way.

Seek out opportunities for career growth. Learn the most from any teachers and mentors willing to support you as you pursue IR. If possible, attend IR conferences and meetings. They serve as excellent platforms for getting to know what’s new as well as networking with others passionate about IR.

Lastly, don’t be afraid to chase your dreams. They might just come true!

What steps can women take to foster a supportive and collaborative community within the interventional radiology field?

It is important to recognize and celebrate each other’s strengths and work together avoiding unhealthy competition. This can be done by building professional relationships and offering mentorship to younger doctors. When women come together great things happen!

More women should take up leadership positions at both our workplaces and in professional associations to influence the IR culture from a place of authority. We need to be more involved in the setting up of both hard and soft policies that influence the practice of IR.

What role do you think diversity plays in enhancing the practice of interventional radiology?

I am very fortunate to work in a culture that celebrates diversity and inclusion. Human beings are diverse: by embracing diversity, a health system benefits from the perspectives of persons from different backgrounds and experiences, creating a culture where new ideas and innovative approaches can thrive. An inclusive working environment has been shown to attract and retain talented professionals.

Diversity also enhances patient experience and overall patient care: numerous studies have demonstrated greater patient satisfaction when seeking medical attention from physicians with racial concordance.

It is also pivotal in inspiring the next generation of doctors to consider IR as a specialty: when they see someone with whom they share common ground practicing and excelling in the profession, they start to see themselves in such roles, which can act as a strong driving force,

In the context of Global health, what can be done to advance Interventional Radiology in developing countries?

In my country, Kenya, IR has grown over the last few years, though there is still a great deal to do. Support in terms of training would really promote IR. Many residents and practicing radiologists have interest but are limited by the available training opportunities. Opening up fellowship positions to radiologists from developing countries would go a long way, even as we develop our own training institutions. Some organizations such as RAD-AID and Road2IR make visits to developing countries to build capacity for practicing IRs and their teams (including nurses and radiology technologists) in terms of teaching of specialized IR techniques and offering guidance in the setting up and running of an efficient IR service. This has contributed tremendously to our IR practice as a country.

Establishment of a good supply chain of consumables would also contribute to the growth of IR. We mainly rely on third party vendors who sometimes sell IR equipment at high prices and sometimes provide items that are not of optimum quality. We sometimes struggle to get specialized catheters and wires because they are not carried by the vendors. The supply chain is also unstable: it operates on demand and supply which translates to stockouts from time to time.

Can you share your journey into interventional radiology and what inspired you to pursue this specialty?

I had always been drawn to a surgical specialty and with an undergraduate degree in Neuroscience, I had thought about going into Neurosurgery so signed up for a summer research internship, complete with shadowing in the clinic and OR. During one of the cases, I remember seeing brain tissue in the Yankauer suction and tubing and thought, “I don’t know about this … maybe there’s something out there with more finesse?” During my medical school radiology rotation, one of the faculty suggested I spend some time in IR since they knew my affinity for surgery.  It only took a few assignments in the IR suite to realize this was it for me: the complexities of surgery with the finesse I desired.  That’s how I ended up entering the field. I completed my radiology residency at the University of Southern California (USC) and it was there that I found my community and sense of belonging.  IR is very much a team sport, and I had a great group of mentors: Drs. Sue Hanks, Vicki Marx, Michael Katz, and Donald Harrell. In them, I witnessed a high-functioning team delivering top notch care while having fun doing so and thought that I could see myself in a career like that. Becoming an interventional oncologist was pure serendipity; my husband is a medical oncologist and the years of training for internal medicine/oncology and radiology were not perfectly aligned. He matched to Houston first and I joined him there after finishing my final year at USC. During my fellowship at MD Anderson, I continued to find guidance from Drs. Marshall Hicks, Michael Wallace, Sanjay Gupta, and Steve McRae. They gave me my first job, and the rest is history. We’ve been in Houston for almost 20 years!

How has the landscape of interventional radiology evolved over the years, especially in terms of gender representation?

I think the most important development in IR throughout my career is our designation as a primary medical specialty in the United States.  It is a recognition of our distinct skillset in the delivery of clinical care and image-guided interventions.  As one of the thirty-seven primary medical specialties in the US, this means that students can choose to enter a career in IR directly after medical school graduation as opposed to in the past where IR was a fellowship or added qualification after a diagnostic radiology residency. It demonstrates we have officially left the “specials” basement and that being an IR is no longer synonymous with being a “proceduralist:” we are clinicians who provide longitudinal patient care and image-guided therapy to patients across a vast range of disease states. Across the globe, we are seeing movement towards interventional radiology’s evolution towards subspecialty or specialty status. Moreover, it also allows us access to medical students where there is equal gender representation as compared to having to recruit from diagnostic radiology residents which traditionally has skewed towards more male representation. Over the last ten to fifteen years, I’ve seen a concerted effort to attract women into the field, starting with initial efforts to educate medical students and residents around what a career in IR can look like for them.  We are just now starting to see the effects of these efforts as there have been fundamental increases in the number of women trainees entering the IR residency pathway. My hope is that these efforts not only continue at the medical school level but that we also develop robust support systems so the gains in gender representation at the entry point translate to sustained and durable representation in the IR workforce.

How do you balance work and personal life in a demanding field like interventional radiology?

Before you can start to balance anything, it’s important to know what your priorities are. It’s also expected that you will have big goals across different aspects of your personal life and career but important to recognize that all those goals don’t have to be actualized at the same time.  For me, having a supportive partner has been the single most important element that has allowed me to explore different aspects of being an academic IR and leader. One specific thing we’ve tried to do is to eat dinner as a family every weeknight which we have been told by our teenage son is unusual compared to his friends’ families. I also try to keep in mind that rarely are things in perfect balance – some days will be better than others.

What advice do you have for women who are aspiring to enter the field of interventional radiology?

Do it! It’s a great specialty. For any career, I think the most important piece of advice for people is to be able to define what success means to them. This definition can and will change over time so but “knowing” at any one point in time what is important and meaningful to you at this point in your career is the key to finding joy in your work. Do the research and look into all the potential work models that may fit with the professional goals you are trying to achieve.  Take the time to explore and connect with IRs who may not have traditional academic or private practice jobs.  The great thing about IR is that there are so many potential areas of focus – neuro, peds, women’s health, oncology, vascular – that you really have lots of options in terms of clinical interest and your day-to-day workflow.

Can you share any insights into the networking opportunities available for women in interventional radiology?

We live in a very interconnected world and IR is still a relatively small specialty.  While meetings are great for face-to-face interactions and organized networking activities, don’t underestimate the chance to connect via “electronic” outreach – email, text, DM, zoom.  There have been many times in my career when I’ve been faced with a case or research question where I’ve reached out to an expert seeking advice.  You’d be surprised that for the most part, people are willing and happy to give a little bit of their time to answer a question or help with an issue. For me this has translated to both academic collaborations as well as lasting friendships

What advice do you have for women in interventional radiology who are navigating leadership roles within the specialty?

First, I’m a firm believer in the philosophy that “opportunities multiply when seized” with the caveat that this is true only if you demonstrate you can succeed at the opportunities you take. Second, you also have to accept that not everything is going to go your way and that’s ok; another opportunity will come around. Third, I’ve found it helpful to be observant; look for role models in established and emerging leaders — how have they succeeded, how have they not, what leadership styles resonate the most with you?  Lastly, read. Last I checked, leadership was not a required course in either medical school or residency but there are many different approaches and countless books on the topic.  Just as I had to read up about how to work up a patient for a particular IR intervention during my residency training, the same applies for people interested in a leadership journey.

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Purpose

The purpose of the CAIR Award is to recognize those who have made significant contributions and provided extraordinary service to the Canadian Interventional Radiology Association and/or the discipline of Interventional Radiology.

• Service to Interventional Radiology may include teaching, research, clinical investigation, and/or promotion of Interventional Radiology or CAIR. Research must be recognized for quality and consistency by publication in recognized professional journals.
• Service to CAIR may include outstanding contributions to the CAIR, other medical organizations, and/or government agencies.

The CAIR Award may also recognize individuals who have dedicated their past and present talents to advancing the quality of patient care through the practice of Interventional Radiology, and/or who, by their outstanding achievements, also help to ensure the future of the field.

Eligibility

• CAIR member in good standing for the past five (5) years
• Candidates may not nominate themselves
• CAIR Board members are not eligible during their term of office
• Individuals will not be considered if they have received an award within the last five (5) years

Nomination Process

Nominations must be submitted via email to cairservice@cairweb.ca, by December 31st, 2024, attention: Nominating Committee, subject: CAIR Award nomination and include the following:

1) Completed nomination information, including:

• Nominator’s name, affiliation, title, address, phone number, and email.
• Nominee’s name, affiliation, title, address, phone number, and email.

2) A statement / letter of nomination, not to exceed 500 words, addressing the following areas:

• Significance of contributions.
• Quality and impact of contributions.
• Years (duration) of significant effort.
• Geographic range of contributions.

3) One (1) letter of support (in addition to the nominator’s narrative) from a person familiar with the nominee’s achievements.

Please note the letter of support must be from a person other than the nominator.

Evaluation Criteria

The process of evaluating nominations is:

1) Determination of eligibility for consideration

• Does the nomination satisfy the guidelines for eligibility?
• Is the nomination complete?

2) Determination of merit

• If a candidate is deemed eligible, the merit of their nomination should be evaluated with respect to the narrative, letter of reference, resume/CV, and any additional supporting documentation.

3) Selection: A nominating committee will review the submissions and make recommendations to the CAIR Board for final approval.

• CAIR is under no obligation to present the award annually.
• Except under special circumstances, the award will be given to one nominee each year.
• Only in the event of the demise of the nominee after being selected shall the award be presented posthumously.

Presentation of the Award

The CAIR Board President will present the Award at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Canadian Association for Interventional Radiology.

The Department of Medical Imaging, McMaster University and the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hamilton Health Sciences are seeking a combined full-time academic interventional and body radiologist for the Hamilton General Hospital site.

The Hamilton General Hospital is a large tertiary referral centre, with a busy vascular surgical service and Level 1 trauma program.  The preferred candidate will have fellowship training interventional radiology. The interventional radiology practice includes vascular work (i.e. angiograms, angioplasty/stenting, embolization, thrombectomy/thrombolysis), and non-vascular work (i.e. biopsy, drainage, gastrostomy, GJ tubes, nephrostomy).  The successful candidate will have an opportunity to develop new services and IR consultation clinic in collaboration with colleagues. The position also involves body imaging, including radiography, fluoroscopy, ultrasound, body CT and opportunity for body MR.  The body imaging service at Hamilton General supports a variety of general and tertiary level subspecialty medical and surgical services.  This position involves participation in the city-wide interventional radiology on call roster at the Hamilton Health Sciences sites encompassing Hamilton General Hospital, the Juravinski Hospital and the McMaster University Medical Center. Candidates must possess skills that enhance our interdisciplinary tertiary clinical teams and collaborative environment, including participation in regularly-scheduled multidisciplinary rounds.  The position involves scheduling for clinical work, subspecialty and teaching rounds, encompassing assignments in both inpatient and outpatient settings.

The full posting is available here.

The Department of Medical Imaging, McMaster University and the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hamilton Health Sciences are seeking a full-time academic interventional radiologist for the Hamilton General Hospital site.

The Hamilton General Hospital is a large tertiary referral centre, with a busy vascular surgical service and Level 1 trauma program.  The preferred candidate will have fellowship training in interventional radiology. The interventional radiology practice includes vascular work (i.e. angiograms, angioplasty/stenting, embolization, thrombectomy/thrombolysis), and non-vascular work (i.e. biopsy, drainage, gastrostomy, GJ tubes, nephrostomy).  The successful candidate will have the opportunity to develop new services and establish an IR consultation clinic in collaboration with colleagues.  The position also includes some general radiology/body imaging assignments.  The successful candidate should be comfortable with interpretation of vascular ultrasound and CT. The position involves participation in the city-wide interventional radiology on call roster at the Hamilton Health Sciences sites encompassing Hamilton General Hospital, the Juravinski Hospital and the McMaster University Medical Center. Candidates must possess skills that enhance our interdisciplinary tertiary clinical team and collaborative environment, including participation in regularly-scheduled multidisciplinary rounds.  The position involves scheduling for clinical work, subspecialty and teaching rounds, encompassing assignments in both inpatient and outpatient settings.

The full posting is available here.

Can you share your journey into interventional radiology and what inspired you to pursue this specialty?

During my residency in radiology, I was introduced to the field of interventional radiology, and it was a revelation. The blend of cutting-edge technology, precision, and direct patient care resonated deeply with me. I was particularly inspired by the minimally invasive nature of interventional procedures, which offered patients quicker recovery times, less pain, and fewer complications compared to traditional surgical methods.

A key moment that solidified my decision was seeing the differences between an open neurosurgical clipping and a coiling when treating ruptured aneurysms. The ability to use imaging guidance to navigate catheters and instruments through the body, directly addressing the medical issue without the need for large incisions, was nothing short of remarkable. This experience underscored the profound impact interventional radiology can have on patient outcomes, and I wanted to be a part of this transformative field.

The dynamic nature of interventional radiology, with its constant advancements and innovations, continues to inspire me. Every day presents new challenges and opportunities to improve patient care through minimally invasive techniques. The combination of diagnostic acumen and procedural expertise required in this specialty keeps me intellectually stimulated and professionally fulfilled.

Moreover, as a diagnostic and interventional neuroradiologist, I find great satisfaction in addressing complex neurological conditions. The ability to perform procedures such as stroke thrombectomy, aneurysm coiling, and spinal interventions allows me to make a significant difference in patients’ lives, often in critical situations. This sense of purpose and the opportunity to provide immediate and impactful care drives my passion for interventional radiology.

How do you balance work and personal life in a demanding field like interventional radiology?

Balancing the demands of a career in interventional radiology with personal life, especially as a mother of 2 year old twins, necessitates a bit of planning, prioritization, and having a good support system. Here are some key strategies that I employ to maintain this balance:

I. Setting Priorities: I try to prioritize my responsibilities both at work and at home. At work, this means focusing on the most critical tasks and procedures, ensuring patient care is always the top priority. At home, my family’s needs come first, and I make sure to allocate quality time for them despite a busy schedule.

II. Time Management: Effective time management is crucial. I try to maintain a structured daily routine, which helps me and my family stay organized and efficient. This includes scheduling dedicated time for family activities, exercise, and self-care. Utilizing tools like calendars and planners with automated reminders, helps keep track of both professional commitments and personal engagements.

III. Delegation and Teamwork: At work, I rely on a supportive team of colleagues and staff.  Delegating tasks when appropriate and collaborating with my team ensures that patient care is seamless and efficient. At home, I share responsibilities with my partner and seek help from family members when needed, creating a supportive network that allows me to balance my roles effectively.

IV. Setting Boundaries: Establishing clear boundaries between work and personal life is essential. I strive to limit work-related tasks and communications to office hours whenever possible, ensuring that evenings and weekends are reserved for family and personal time. This helps create a mental separation between professional and personal spheres, reducing stress and burnout.

V. Self-Care and Wellness: Maintaining my physical and mental well-being is vital for managing a demanding career. I incorporate regular exercise into my routine, training at the gym two or three times a week. This not only helps me stay in shape but also serves as a stress reliever. Additionally, I try to engage in other activities including walks, bicycling and going out to the park with the whole family to keep active.

VI. Quality Time with Family: Despite a busy schedule, I make it a point to engage in meaningful activities with my family. Whether it’s simple everyday moments or planned outings, spending quality time with my twins and partner is a priority. This strengthens our bond and ensures that I am present for important milestones in my children’s lives.

VII. Flexibility and Adaptability: Flexibility is key in managing unexpected demands, both at work and at home. Being adaptable allows me to respond to emergencies or changes in schedule without compromising my responsibilities. This requires a proactive approach to problem-solving and a willingness to adjust plans as needed.

VIII. Seeking Support: Recognizing the importance of a support system, I connect with peers and mentors in the medical field who understand the unique challenges of interventional radiology. Their advice and shared experiences provide valuable insights and encouragement.

What are some key challenges you faced as a woman in interventional radiology, and how did you overcome them?

Navigating a career in interventional radiology as a woman has presented several unique challenges. However, through resilience, support, and strategic action, I have been able to overcome these obstacles. Here are some key challenges and how I addressed them:

I. Gender Bias and Stereotyping: One of the primary challenges has been dealing with gender bias and stereotypes. Interventional radiology is a male-dominated field, and at times, I have encountered preconceived notions about my capabilities based solely on my appearance and gender. This bias can manifest in subtle ways, such as being unnecessarily questioned by patients or potentially overlooked for complex procedures or leadership roles.

Overcoming Strategy: I have approached this challenge by consistently demonstrating my expertise and competence. By excelling in my work and trying to always be prepared, I have earned the respect of my colleagues and established myself as a capable and skilled professional. I have gained their trust and I feel appreciated when I receive a request to go help out in the angio suite or give an opinion on a case. Additionally, I have sought out mentors and role models within the field who have provided guidance and support in navigating these biases.

II. Work-Life Balance: Balancing the demanding nature of interventional radiology with personal life responsibilities, especially as a mother, has been another significant challenge. The unpredictable hours and high-stress environment can make it difficult to maintain a healthy work-life balance.

Overcoming Strategy: Implementing effective time management and setting clear boundaries between work and personal life have been crucial. I was lucky to be allowed to gradually return to work after my maternity leave starting with 20% and slowly increasing that. Currently I am working at 80% plus full-time call, which is a good balance. I have leveraged support from my partner, family, and professional networks to ensure I can meet the demands of both spheres.

III. Networking and Professional Development: Networking within a predominantly male field can be challenging. Professional development opportunities and networking events are often male-centric, making it difficult for women to establish connections and advance their careers.

Overcoming Strategy: I have actively sought out and participated in women-focused professional groups and organizations. These groups like for example the WINN (Women In Interventional Neuroradiology) provide a supportive environment for networking, mentorship, and professional growth. Additionally, attending conferences and workshops dedicated to diversity and inclusion in medicine has allowed me to connect with like-minded professionals and expand my network.

IV. Leadership and Advancement Opportunities: Gaining leadership positions and advancing in a male-dominated field can be difficult. Women may face additional scrutiny and higher expectations when pursuing leadership roles.

Overcoming Strategy: To overcome this, I have focused on building a strong professional portfolio, highlighting my achievements, skills, and contributions to the field which is sometimes counterintuitive for a woman. Seeking out leadership training programs and taking on challenging projects have helped me develop the necessary skills and experience for advancement. Additionally, advocating for myself and expressing my career aspirations to mentors and supervisors has been essential in securing leadership opportunities.

V. Workplace Environment and Support: Ensuring a supportive and inclusive workplace environment is critical. At times, the lack of female representation and support within the department can lead to feelings of isolation and stress.

Overcoming Strategy: I have fostered a network of support by connecting with other women in radiology and interventional specialties, some are at my local institution but also across different centers, countries, and continents. Establishing peer support groups and participating in initiatives aimed at promoting diversity and inclusion within the workplace has been beneficial. Additionally, advocating for policies that support work-life balance and family-friendly practices has contributed to a more inclusive and supportive environment.

Despite these challenges, the progress and advancements in interventional radiology are promising. The increasing recognition of the value of diversity and inclusion in medicine is leading to more opportunities and support for women in the field. By addressing these challenges head-on and leveraging support systems, I have been able to thrive in my career and contribute to the advancement of interventional radiology.

How has the landscape of interventional radiology evolved over the years, especially in terms of gender representation?

The field of interventional radiology has undergone significant evolution over the years, marked by significant advancements in technology, techniques, and patient care. One of the notable areas of progress has been the increasing representation of women within the specialty. This shift has been influenced by several key factors:

I. Increased Awareness and Advocacy: Over the past decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of diversity and inclusion within the medical field. Professional organizations, advocacy groups, and educational institutions have actively promoted gender equality and worked to create a more inclusive environment for women in interventional radiology. Initiatives such as mentorship programs, scholarships, and awareness campaigns have encouraged more women to pursue careers in this specialty.

II. Supportive Networks and Mentorship: The establishment of supportive networks and mentorship programs specifically aimed at women in interventional radiology has played a crucial role in increasing gender representation. These programs provide valuable guidance, support, and career development opportunities for women, helping them navigate the challenges and excel in their careers. Mentorship from experienced female interventional radiologists has been instrumental in inspiring and guiding the next generation of women in the field.

III. Changing Perceptions and Stereotypes: The perception of interventional radiology as a male-dominated field has gradually changed. As more women have entered and excelled in the specialty, they have challenged traditional stereotypes and demonstrated their capabilities. This shift in perception has encouraged more women to consider interventional radiology as a viable and rewarding career option. Additionally, the visibility of successful female interventional radiologists in leadership positions has served as powerful role models for aspiring women in the field.

IV. Work-Life Balance and Family-Friendly Policies: Recognizing the importance of work-life balance, many medical institutions and organizations have implemented family friendly policies and flexible work arrangements. These initiatives have made it easier for women to manage their professional and personal responsibilities, making the field more attractive and accessible. Programs such as parental leave, part-time work options, and on-site childcare have contributed to creating a more supportive environment for women in interventional radiology.

V. Educational and Training Opportunities: Enhanced educational and training opportunities have also played a significant role in increasing gender representation. Medical schools and residency programs have made concerted efforts to recruit and retain female students and trainees. By providing equal opportunities for training and career advancement, these programs are helping to bridge the gender gap.

VI. Professional Organizations and Conferences: Professional organizations such as the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE) have taken active steps to promote gender diversity. These organizations host conferences, workshops, and networking events that focus on the contributions of women in interventional radiology. By highlighting the achievements and experiences of female interventional radiologists, these platforms inspire and empower more women to pursue careers in the field.

VII. Improved Radiation Awareness and Protection: When working with women in my field, the question often arises: how safe are we truly? Although there is a small risk, it can be significantly mitigated with adequate radiation protection measures. Moreover, promising new radiation protection options are emerging, which could eventually lead to a lead-free interventional suite. I believe that having more women in the field will help drive these advancements forward.

Despite these positive changes, there is still work to be done to achieve full gender parity in interventional radiology. Continued efforts to address gender disparities, provide mentorship and support, and promote inclusive policies are essential for further progress. By fostering a culture of diversity and inclusion, the field of interventional radiology can continue to evolve and benefit from the contributions of talented and dedicated women.

What advice do you have for women who are aspiring to enter the field of interventional radiology?

Entering the field of interventional radiology is a rewarding and exciting career choice, offering the opportunity to make significant contributions to patient care through innovative and minimally invasive procedures. For women aspiring to join this dynamic specialty, here are some key pieces of advice to help navigate the journey:

I. Seek Mentorship and Build Networks: Find mentors who can provide guidance, support, and insights into the field. Seek out both male and female mentors who can offer diverse perspectives. Join professional organizations such as CAIR and SIR and participate in their events and networking opportunities. Building a strong network of colleagues and mentors is invaluable for career development and overcoming challenges.

II. Gain Exposure and Experience Early: Get involved in interventional radiology as early as possible during your medical education. Participate in rotations, shadowing opportunities, and research projects related to the field. This early exposure will help you develop a strong foundation and understanding of the specialty, making you a more competitive candidate for residency programs.

III. Stay Informed and Continuously Learn: Interventional radiology is a rapidly evolving field with constant technological advancements and new techniques. Stay informed about the latest developments by reading journals, attending conferences, and participating in continuing medical education (CME) activities.

IV. Develop Technical Skills and Confidence: The hands-on nature of interventional radiology requires excellent technical skills and precision. Take every opportunity to practice and refine your procedural skills. Simulators, workshops, and hands-on training sessions are valuable resources. Building confidence in your abilities will enable you to perform procedures effectively and handle complex cases.

V. Advocate for Yourself and Your Career: Be proactive in advocating for your career aspirations and seeking opportunities for advancement. Communicate your goals and interests to mentors and supervisors. Don’t be afraid to take on challenging projects, leadership roles, and research opportunities that can showcase your skills and dedication. Self-advocacy is crucial for career progression in any field and is especially important for women as sometimes we tend to not do it.

VI. Balance and Self-Care: Balancing a demanding career with personal life is essential for long-term success and well-being. Prioritize self-care, maintain a healthy work-life balance, and set boundaries to prevent burnout. Engaging in hobbies, spending time with family, and practicing mindfulness can help you stay grounded and focused.

VII. Promote Diversity and Inclusion: Be an advocate for diversity and inclusion within the field. Support initiatives that promote gender equality and work towards creating a more inclusive environment for future generations of interventional radiologists. By contributing to a culture of diversity, you help ensure that the field continues to attract and retain talented individuals from all backgrounds.

VIII. Embrace Challenges and Persevere: The path to becoming an interventional radiologist may come with challenges, including gender bias and work-life balance issues. Embrace these challenges as opportunities for growth and development. Perseverance, resilience, and a positive mindset are essential qualities that will help you overcome obstacles and achieve your career goals.

IX. Leverage Resources and Opportunities: Utilize the resources available to you, including scholarships, grants, and leadership programs designed to support women in medicine. These opportunities can provide financial support, professional development, and recognition for your achievements. Actively seek out and apply for these resources to enhance your career trajectory.

X. Stay Passionate and Patient-Centered: Remember the core reason for choosing interventional radiology: to provide exceptional patient care. Stay passionate about your work and maintain a patient-centered approach. The impact you can make on patients’ lives through innovative procedures is profound and fulfilling.

Are there any specific skills or areas of knowledge that you recommend focusing on during training for a career in interventional radiology?

Training for a career in interventional radiology requires a comprehensive and multifaceted approach. Aspiring interventional radiologists should focus on developing a diverse set of skills and areas of knowledge that will enable them to excel in both procedural and clinical settings.  Here are some key areas to concentrate on during your training:

I. Technical Proficiency and Procedural Skills: Mastering the technical aspects of interventional radiology procedures is fundamental. This includes gaining proficiency in the use of imaging modalities such as fluoroscopy, ultrasound, CT, and MRI to guide minimally invasive procedures. Practice catheter and wire manipulation, vascular access techniques, and device deployment. Hands-on experience through simulations, workshops, and supervised procedures is invaluable in developing these skills.

II. Clinical Knowledge and Patient Care: A strong foundation in clinical medicine is essential for understanding the broad spectrum of conditions treated by interventional radiologists. This includes knowledge of anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Being able to assess and manage patients holistically, both before and after procedures, is crucial. Interventional radiologists often see patients in clinic, and having diverse clinical skills allows for comprehensive patient care.

III. Diagnostic Imaging Interpretation: Developing expertise in interpreting diagnostic imaging studies is critical. This includes the ability to analyze radiographs, CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds to identify abnormalities and plan appropriate interventions. Accurate imaging interpretation ensures precise targeting and effective treatment during procedures.

IV. Patient Communication and Interpersonal Skills: Effective communication skills are vital for interacting with patients, families, and healthcare teams. Being able to explain procedures, risks, and benefits in a clear and compassionate manner builds trust and ensures informed consent. Strong interpersonal skills also enhance collaboration with colleagues from various specialties, which is essential for coordinated patient care.

V. Problem-Solving and Decision-Making: Interventional radiology often involves complex cases that require quick and accurate decision-making. Developing strong problem-solving skills and the ability to think critically under pressure is essential. Training should include exposure to a wide range of scenarios and complications, enabling you to respond effectively to unexpected challenges.

VI. Ultrasound-Guided Procedures: Proficiency in ultrasound-guided procedures is increasingly important in interventional radiology. Ultrasound offers real-time imaging, allowing for precise guidance during procedures such as biopsies, drainages, and vascular access. Training in ultrasound techniques enhances your versatility and ability to perform a wide range of interventions.

VII. Endovascular Techniques: Endovascular procedures, such as angioplasty, stenting, and embolization, are core components of interventional radiology. Gaining expertise in these techniques, including the use of various devices and materials, is essential. Understanding vascular anatomy and pathology is critical for successful endovascular interventions.

VIII. Minimally Invasive Oncology: Interventional oncology is a growing subspecialty within interventional radiology. Training should include exposure to minimally invasive cancer treatments such as tumor ablation, chemoembolization, and radioembolization. Knowledge of oncology principles and collaboration with oncology teams is important for providing comprehensive care to cancer patients.

IX. Research and Innovation: Staying abreast of the latest advancements and contributing to research in interventional radiology is important for career growth and the advancement of the field. Engage in research projects, present at conferences, and publish findings to stay at the forefront of innovation. Understanding the principles of clinical research and evidence-based practice enhances your ability to implement new techniques and technologies.

X. Leadership and Professionalism: Developing leadership skills and professionalism is crucial for career advancement and effective team management. Participate in leadership training programs, take on leadership roles within your training program or professional organizations, and demonstrate professionalism in all interactions. Strong leadership skills enable you to advocate for patients, lead multidisciplinary teams, and contribute to the growth of the field.

In conclusion, aspiring interventional radiologists should focus on developing a very diverse set of skills and areas of knowledge. This includes diagnostic imaging interpretation, clinical knowledge, technical proficiency, patient communication, problem-solving, ultrasound-guided procedures, endovascular techniques, minimally invasive oncology, research, and leadership. By honing these skills, you will be well-equipped to provide comprehensive and high-quality care to patients, both in the clinic and during procedures.

Can you share any experiences or insights related to the integration of artificial intelligence in interventional radiology practice?

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into interventional radiology (IR) is transforming the field, enhancing both diagnostic and procedural capabilities. AI has the potential to revolutionize how we approach patient care, offering improvements in efficiency, accuracy, and outcomes. Here are some experiences and insights related to this exciting development:

I. Enhanced Imaging Analysis: AI algorithms can analyze medical images with remarkable precision, identifying patterns and anomalies that may be missed by the human eye. In my practice, AI has been particularly beneficial in improving the detection and characterization of vascular conditions. For instance, AI tools can assist in identifying subtle changes in acute ischemic stroke, aiding in hyperacute diagnosis and treatment.

II. Procedural Planning and Navigation: AI-driven software has greatly enhanced procedural planning and navigation. Advanced algorithms can generate detailed 3D models from imaging data, providing a comprehensive view of the patient’s anatomy. This allows for precise pre-procedural planning and real-time guidance during interventions. In complex cases, AI-generated models help optimize the approach and improve accuracy, reducing the risk of complications.

III. Workflow Optimization: AI has the potential to streamline workflow and improve efficiency in the interventional radiology suite. Automated image analysis, reporting, and data entry reduce the time spent on administrative tasks, allowing more focus on patient care. AI-driven scheduling systems can optimize procedure timing and resource allocation, minimizing downtime and enhancing overall productivity.

IV. Training and Education: AI is also playing a role in the education and training of future interventional radiologists. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) platforms, powered by AI, provide realistic simulations for procedural training. These technologies allow trainees to practice complex interventions in a risk-free environment, honing their skills before performing procedures on actual patients. The feedback from these simulations, guided by AI, is highly detailed and helps accelerate the learning curve.

V. Challenges and Considerations: While the integration of AI in interventional radiology offers numerous benefits, it also presents challenges. Ensuring the accuracy and reliability of AI algorithms is crucial, as errors can have significant consequences. Additionally, the integration of AI requires significant investment in technology and training. It is essential to address potential biases in AI models and ensure that they are validated across diverse patient populations.

VI. Future Directions: The future of AI in interventional radiology is promising, with ongoing research and development aimed at expanding its applications. Emerging technologies, such as AI-guided robotic interventions and real-time image analysis during procedures, are poised to further enhance precision and outcomes. Collaboration between radiologists, data scientists, and engineers is key to unlocking the full potential of AI in the field.

How do you handle situations where you may be the only woman in a professional setting, and what advice do you have for navigating such scenarios?

Being the only woman in a professional setting can present unique challenges, but it also offers an opportunity to demonstrate leadership, resilience, and confidence. Here are some strategies
and advice for navigating such scenarios effectively:

I. Confidence and Competence: Confidence in your skills and competence in your field are your greatest assets. Focus on demonstrating your expertise and knowledge through your work. Prepare thoroughly for meetings and presentations, and don’t hesitate to share your insights and ideas. Your confidence will help you gain respect and establish your credibility.

II. Building Allies and Support Networks: Seek out allies and mentors within your organization or professional community. Building relationships with supportive colleagues, both male and female, can provide a valuable support system. These allies can offer guidance, advocate for you, and help amplify your voice in professional settings.

III. Effective Communication: Clear and assertive communication is key. When you speak, ensure that your points are well-articulated and backed by data or evidence. Practice active listening and engage in conversations confidently. If you encounter interruptions or dismissals, assertively but respectfully reclaim your time and space to speak.

IV. Professionalism and Integrity: Maintain a high standard of professionalism and integrity in all your interactions. This includes being punctual, meeting deadlines, and adhering to ethical standards. Your professionalism will reinforce your position as a respected and reliable colleague.

V. Addressing Bias and Stereotypes: If you encounter bias or stereotypes, address them calmly and professionally. It’s important to educate and inform rather than confront aggressively. Highlight your achievements and capabilities to counteract any preconceived notions. If necessary, seek support from other women and/or diversity and inclusion initiatives within your organization.

VI. Seeking Leadership Roles: Taking on leadership roles can help you influence the culture and dynamics of your professional setting. Volunteer for committees, lead projects, and seek out opportunities to mentor others. Your leadership can inspire and pave the way for more women to enter and succeed in the field.

VII. Balancing Assertiveness and Empathy: Striking a balance between assertiveness and empathy is crucial. While it’s important to assert yourself, showing empathy and understanding towards your colleagues fosters a collaborative and positive work environment. Building strong interpersonal relationships can help you navigate challenges more effectively.

VIII. Continuous Learning and Development: Stay updated with the latest advancements and trends in your field. Continuous learning and professional development enhance your expertise and keep you at the forefront of your profession. This not only boosts your confidence but also reinforces your value within the organization.

IX. Promoting Diversity and Inclusion: Advocate for diversity and inclusion within your professional setting. Support initiatives and programs that promote gender equality and create a more inclusive environment. By championing these efforts, you contribute to a culture that values and respects diversity.

X. Self-Care and Resilience: Managing stress and maintaining resilience are essential. Practice self-care through regular exercise, hobbies, and spending time with family and friends. Building resilience helps you stay focused and motivated, even in challenging situations.

Advice for Navigating Being the Only Woman:

• Be Visible and Vocal: Don’t shy away from opportunities to showcase your skills and contributions. Participate actively in meetings, discussions, and professional events.
• Build a Personal Brand: Establish a strong personal brand based on your expertise, values, and achievements. Your personal brand will set you apart and create a lasting impression.
• Find a Mentor: Seek out mentors who can provide guidance, support, and advocacy. A mentor can offer valuable advice and help you navigate complex professional landscapes.
• Network Strategically: Build a diverse professional network both within and outside your organization. Networking can open doors to new opportunities, sometimes very valuable and completely unexpected, and provide a broader perspective.
• Stay Positive and Persistent: Challenges are inevitable, but maintaining a positive attitude and persistent effort will help you overcome obstacles and achieve your goals.

Can you share your journey into interventional radiology and what inspired you to pursue this specialty?

I first entered medicine determined that I wanted to be in a technical specialty and work with my hands. Initially, I was drawn to ENT due to my interest in anatomy and for the ability to work with intricate structures. Over several electives, I realized that ENT was not the right fit. But while participating in head and neck tumor board, I gained admiration for the leading presence of the radiologist. Fortunately, I matched into radiology and it was during a residency rotation in interventional radiology that an “ah-hah” moment occurred – I realized that IR was the perfect mix of highly technical surgery with minimally invasive interventions that can have profound impacts on patients. I found my calling very quickly and have enjoyed the privilege of working in this field ever since.

How do you balance work and personal life in a demanding field like interventional radiology?

Interventional radiology is an intense specialty but there is a lot of flexibility within the field. Unless desired otherwise, most interventional radiologists still do a fair amount of diagnostic radiology in their work. I am working in a group that does 50/50 IR and DR. This has been ideal in offering a different pace and clinical variety in between busy, and sometimes demanding IR days. With knowledge in both IR and DR, interventionists are in a special position to adjust the intensity of their work according to the demands of their personal life and through different stages of life. There are also many different types of IR practices, such as academic, community, outpatient based and private practice. There is really no one way to be an IR. Because of this, I would argue that IR is probably the most flexible in terms of work demands among all other procedural-based specialties.

I have recently finished my training and have taken up a job at a tertiary hospital with a wide variety of complex cases and emergencies. In selecting a place of work, I cannot emphasize how important it is to be in an environment where you feel supported. You do not come out of fellowship having learned everything about IR and the learning never stops as you progress through an ever-evolving field of IR. It is essential for your work satisfaction and longevity to have supportive colleagues willing to back you up when you are in a complex case or scrub in together when you are learning a new technique. Although work is hard, it is much better when you have good colleagues working together as a team.

Being early career, I am enjoying dedicating my time and efforts to a demanding work schedule. Although I understand that working too much may not be ideal for the long term, I am aware that burn out is a real issue and I consciously make an effort to disconnect during my time away from work and prioritize daily self-care such as catching up with friends, working out, and making healthy recipes.

What are some key challenges you faced as a woman in interventional radiology, and how did you overcome them?

Personally, I have battled with imposter syndrome, especially being a trainee and early career attending. In general, I feel women in male-dominated fields such as surgery tend to undervalue their skills despite being technically equal or superior to their male colleague. In training, I found that I have to do a procedure independently a number of times and have done my due diligence in reading the literature before I consider myself competent. Other colleagues may feel comfortable with a procedure after doing it a few times. I have also struggled with being told that I am “too shy”, when I may simply prefer to address patients and colleagues in a more soft-spoken manner. Over time, as my team has gotten to know me, I realized that my softer approach is not necessarily a weakness, but rather an advantageous quality which is quite appreciated and can foster closer-knit relationships with my IR support team and with my patients.

How has the landscape of interventional radiology evolved over the years, especially in terms of gender representation?

I have found radiology and especially interventional radiology to be an evolving landscape during my training and start of independent practice in terms of gender disparity. When I became interested in IR during residency, I found my IR attendings to be initially surprised then particularly encouraging and supportive in making sure that I am offered ample opportunities to succeed. When I started applying for fellowship, I did not feel that being a female applicant disadvantaged my application in any particular way. Recently having been through a job searching process, I was also pleasantly surprised that radiology groups are making a conscious effort to close the gender gap, and very quickly settled into a position that was a great fit for me. My overall experience as a female IR has been promising and I believe that the field of IR is ready to embrace more female physicians. I encourage anyone who may be interested to have confidence in diving into the field.

What role do you think diversity plays in enhancing the practice of interventional radiology?

Female IR physicians have much to add to the field. There is a growing domain of IR that targets women’s health issues such as uterine fibroid embolization, pelvic congestion syndrome, varicose veins, and breast cancer-target therapies. With this, there are increasing opportunities for women IR to take up specific interest in women’s health and to better understand and address the unique needs pertaining to women. A more diverse IR team is also able to identify health outcomes that vary by gender and background leading to better patient comfort, communication and satisfaction. Female representation in IR can serve as role models and mentors for other aspiring female interventionalists. Personally, my career would not have been the same without the female IR mentors who supported me throughout my path in IR. Having access to mentorship and role models is crucial for encouraging more women to pursue the career in IR and supporting their professional development

Are there any specific organizations or conferences that you recommend for networking and career development in interventional radiology?

Attending the CAIR ASM has been the highlight of each year. As a trainee, I had the opportunity to have the conference funded and attend trainee day more than once and thoroughly enjoyed the experience each time. It is an opportunity to make friends with other trainees who are going through the same experience as you, meet IRs across different Canadian institutions, and rub shoulders with the giants of the field from whom you have a lot to learn from. The Canadian IR field is a closely knit group and there is no better opportunity to get to know people than coming to the ASM. SIR and CIRSE are two other conferences that you may consider attending to network and be inspired at.

What advice do you have for women who are aspiring to enter the field of interventional radiology?

If you are interested in IR, I would seek every opportunity to gain exposure to IR in medical school and residency to determine whether this is the field for you. In medical school, IR is not necessarily the most available specialty to rotate in but do not be discouraged and keep trying by participating in IR in and out of school. It may be the most wonderful field you have ever known. Once you have determined that this is your calling, do not let the gender disparity discourage you. IR as a field is ready to accept more female physicians and you will be surprised to find many mentors with open arms to support you along the way. The work intensity of IR can seem intimidating but there are so many ways to make an IR practice work for you, leading to long lasting and rewarding career. Be confident in yourself and trust that you are more than capable despite how challenging it may seem sometimes. You will have good days and bad days. The reality is you will have losses where a procedure may not have gone the way you had hoped or had a complication that you wish you could have foreseen. Know that you are not the only one it happens to and that these experiences are invaluable in making you even better physician.

Congratulations to Dr. Lindsay Machan for receiving the Order of Canada!

Dr. Machan is an early Canadian proponent of interventional radiology. A clinical practitioner at the Vancouver Hospital and an associate professor at the University of British Columbia, he continues to innovate while guiding others on their own paths to growth and success. His company created and licensed the paclitaxel coated stent, which has improved the lives of people with peripheral arterial disease.

He is also a past CAIR Board President and CAIR Award winner.

Can you share your journey into interventional radiology and what inspired you to pursue this specialty?

As a junior doctor, I was always attracted to procedures on the ward. In 2007-2008, I was a foundation year doctor, which is the first two years after graduation. I would always volunteer to do procedures like lumbar puncture, ascitic and pleural tap/drainage, etc. Back then, we used to be on call for 7 nights in a row. Week of night shifts was followed by ‘Educational week’, nowadays called ‘Taster week’. We could select any specialty to spend time in for exposure. I selected Radiology as I wanted to spend time in a different specialty.

I was rostered to be in Interventional Radiology suites on one day of that week. Completely oblivious of what it was, I went and attended. The first patient on the list was an IVC filter insertion. I had no idea what the procedure involved and thought it would take hours. I was introduced to the consultant and I saw him prepping for it. I was chatting with the nurses and in 5 minutes the operator turned around and said ‘DONE’. This left me shocked and impressed at the same time. I will remember that day for the rest of my life because I was introduced to the world of IR. The more I got to know about it, the more I fell in love with it. I started speaking to the Interventional radiologists and started building my CV towards it.

I started my journey in Radiology in 2010, after I finished 2 years of internal medicine training, which was not a requirement to get into Radiology, but a backup in case I changed my mind. I have never looked back and what a journey I have had.

Throughout my journey, I have had fantastic mentors who have guided me all the way and encouraged me to pursue my dream.

How do you balance work and personal life in a demanding field like interventional radiology?  How do you balance the demands of interventional radiology with family responsibilities, and what advice do you have for women aiming to achieve this balance?

I am not going to lie. It has been difficult, but not impossible, and hence here I am.

I finished my training and took up a consultant job in Oct 2016. I started my family at the same time. I have one daughter who is nearly 7 years old. My husband is a general practitioner/family physician. I work in a tertiary hospital which means all the complex cases/emergencies are directed to our hospital from a wide region. Being on call for vascular radiology means, I am on call for cases like aortic aneurysm ruptures, trauma, upper and lower GI bleeding, and acute limb ischemia.

I am the chair of the EDI committee of the BSIR and also an IMG(International medical graduates) tutor for my region i.e Hull University teaching hospitals NHS trust.

So, in a nutshell, I have a busy professional and personal life and it can be a struggle to maintain that balance. I have had my share of struggles during my training, with my husband and me living away, childcare issues, no family support nearby, etc.

The most important thing (which worked for me) was looking after my physical and mental health. Taking time out for the things that I found interesting outside of work. Simple things like going on a long drive with my daughter, and listening and singing to our favorite playlist gives me so much pleasure. I like to maintain my fitness, so I enjoy running and gym classes. I simply love trekking and hiking, so I make sure I do that at least once every year with my group of hiking friends.

Keeping and maintaining a schedule and prioritizing things is very important, keeping in mind that you’re only human. Don’t be unrealistic when you’re organizing your week.

Setting boundaries is very important. If work finishes at 5 pm, then I’m physically and mentally at home. There will be times when that’s not possible especially when I’m organising an event/conference or preparing for a talk. Other than that, after 5 is home time. I work full time but have squeezed my working hours in 4 days. I’m off on Mondays and I maintain those boundaries.

I have had my share of childcare issues. I have received calls from nursery/childcare/school to collect my daughter because she was unwell, typically on days when getting out of work was impossible. Having an amazing team and colleagues has pushed me through some hard times.

What are some key challenges you faced as a woman in interventional radiology, and how did you overcome them?

Back in my training days, I was the only female IR trainee in my year. There were no female trainees in the year above or below me.  I always hesitated about starting a family, thinking being away on Mat leave will push me back. It seemed a bit unfair at the time. I always felt I was better than some of my male colleagues who were not subjected to making similar decisions. I made a choice and finished my training and exams. I got a consultant’s job and then started a family. Did I make the right decision? There is no right or wrong answer here, it’s a personal choice.

I have a lot of friends and female colleagues who started their families while training and going through exams. I have tremendous respect for them. I always thought I did it the easy way but actually taking that decision of not extending family during training was a tough one.

The number of women in IR is extremely low which puts off many females to choose this specialty. The main reason is the lack of representation and role models as a result of which females are not attracted to this post. There is a lack of mentorship or guidance which is more female specific, and I faced the same problem.  Family responsibilities are different for females than for men, and understanding that is the key. I am currently the only female vascular interventional Radiologist in my hospital. As already mentioned, there have been a few times when I had to leave work for a family emergency. I used to be reluctant to think of finishing the list first and then leaving, which used to cause more anxiety. Communication and keeping your work colleagues in the loop is extremely important. People generally understand and want to make it work.

Radiation and pregnancy are other issues that most women are afraid of and hence unable to pursue a career in IR, mainly due to a lack of guidance and knowledge.

What advice do you have for women who are aspiring to enter the field of interventional radiology?

Interventional radiology is an amazing field that is changing constantly, with new devices and techniques for treating different vascular/non-vascular pathologies evolving on a yearly basis. Women in general are very good at adapting very quickly to changing environments and unexpected challenges. Especially women with young families deal with difficult situations on a day-to-day basis. They can handle stress and are able to balance multiple responsibilities. So, my one piece of advice to women who want to pursue their career in IR is to ‘Go for it, you can do it’.

I have spoken to a lot of young female trainees looking to pursue a career in IR with a lot of questions in their heads, wanting to be in control of their career, life, and family. They want to plan their whole life which is practically not possible. Life is unpredictable and nothing goes according to plan in my experience, so why are we putting so much pressure on us?

Mentorship and guidance are so important, so find yourself a good mentor. Doesn’t necessarily need to be female. All my mentors were men and they encouraged me throughout my journey.

Have you encountered any specific stereotypes or misconceptions about women in interventional radiology, and how do you address them?

Of course !! Unconscious bias does exist and women are mostly at the receiving end. For example, research has shown, that women are less considered for leadership posts. The main misconception is that they are too emotional and hence weak in making decisions. Another misconception is that women have too many responsibilities, more on a personal front in comparison to men, which makes them unable to focus or dedicate themselves fully to work.

Lack of confidence is an issue as well. Women underestimate themselves. During my training, I only believed that I could do a procedure if I did it independently without any help. Men are different, they have more confidence and would probably consider themselves competent even if they have just observed the procedure a couple of times.

Women don’t tend to put themselves forward. I am guilty of that too. I know I have more potential than many of my male colleagues in leadership roles, but I still feel not ready for it.

Unconscious bias is a mindset, which needs to be changed but at the moment it does exist. So, what can we do in order to make our work life better, to be able to have the same respect and opportunity as our male colleagues, to be listened to, and to be valued for our opinion?

The first and most important thing is to believe in yourself. Build that self-confidence. If you don’t believe in yourself, no one around will believe you.

A healthy home life is so important as well. My husband always takes over if I’ve had a tiring day and feel unable to function physically and vice versa. A healthy family life is a big confidence boost for every woman or man.

Can you share any experiences or insights related to the integration of artificial intelligence in interventional radiology practice?

Artificial intelligence, augmented reality, and Virtual reality hold a unique beneficial position in Interventional Radiology because they not only improve image processing but also guide and predict outcomes of procedures.

We at our trust are working towards integrating AI in our day-to-day work in IR. We have had experience so far with the use of Rapid AI for stroke mechanical thrombectomy. We are alerted as soon as the patient goes for scanning. The app not only processes the imaging, measures perfusion mismatch, and recognizes large vessel occlusion but also predicts the outcomes of the procedures as well.

AI will play a huge part in appropriate patient selection for procedures. It will also help to delineate complex anatomy prior to the procedure. During the procedure, image fusions or recommending options of how to approach various techniques will help save time and radiation dose for the operators. Post-procedure, it can evaluate the response of treatment and help with follow-up.

There are some downsides to AI as well, such as integrating it into an existing system can be costly and complex. Poor data input can lead to inaccurate results.  There is a genuine potential of overly relying on AI and hence the risk for future generations to lose diagnostic skills and confidence in making decisions.

Can you speak to any initiatives or projects you’ve been involved in that aim to address gender disparities or enhance the representation of women in interventional radiology?

I am the current chair of the EDI committee of the BSIR(British Society of IR). The main aim of this committee is to increase the profile of IR mostly in medical students and junior doctors, encouraging mostly females and doctors with ethnic minorities to take up IR as their career. We are currently in the process of launching the BSIR mentorship program in collaboration with the Royal College of Radiologists. This mentorship programme will consist of a mentor and mentee-relationship for one year in which the trainee (BSIR member) will be guided both personally and professionally. The application process for the mentors and mentees has now closed and we have had a brilliant response.

As EDI committee members, we carried out a BSIR workforce survey last year. The workforce survey had interesting results and highlighted several issues faced by women in IR and doctors of different ethnicities. We are currently in the process of writing this up and this will definitely be a good guide for the future of BSIR and the vascular radiology specialty.

EDI committee also actively takes part in the BSIR ASM to increase the profile of IR especially in women. We are running a session in our ASM this year, where we have invited speakers from national and International platforms to speak on topics like Diversity and women in IR.

I have been actively involved in various forums and platforms organized for medical students and junior doctors looking at pursuing careers in Radiology and Interventional Radiology e.g Yorkshire Imaging and interventional radiology Symposium (YiiRs) and Society of Radiologist in Training (SRT) to encourage more women to join IR.

I have recently had meetings with the RFS section of CAIR and as Chair of the EDI committee will be looking forward to future collaboration between BSIR and CAIR to raise the profile of IR in women.