Can you share your journey into interventional radiology and what inspired you to pursue this specialty?

In my country (El Salvador); there was no one with the specialty of Interventional Radiology; so being a surgical resident, I was frustrated that many of the procedures had solutions that we only read about in books or magazines, which led me to the curiosity of said specialty, so after surgery I completed my residency in radiology with the purpose of finishing it and starting Interventional Radiology.

So during my residency in Diagnostic Radiology, I was curious to focus on Interventional Radiology, I tried to read about the procedures, and when I finished it, I looked in Latin America for countries where I could do it, which led me to visit different programs. It was in Mexico where I had the opportunity to do my fellowship.

How do you balance work and personal life in a demanding field like interventional radiology?

It is quite difficult in any specialty, especially those that involve shifts and procedures; however, I believe that being surrounded by people who not only understand you but also support you in all aspects of life is very important; and not only having the support of your partner but also of your children, parents, etc.

I have always thought that the correct balance is the one that gives you peace and makes you feel good because when you try to follow the standards of being an excellent mother, wife, daughter, friend, and colleague you end up on a path of burnout.

I have always thought that the correct balance is the one that gives you peace and makes you feel good because when you try to follow the standards of being an excellent mother, wife, daughter, friend, and colleague you end up on a path.

What are some key challenges you faced as a woman in interventional radiology, and how did you overcome them?

Being the first in my specialty, I not only faced some gender elements, but in general, in the entire surgical field of procedures, women often have to demonstrate that we are capable of performing them, in places where they are not accustomed to having a female voice leader. From nursing technicians, radiology technicians to the different medical specialties.

I was used to the operating room and dealing with many difficulties as a woman, but dealing with it as a team, then training all the staff, looking for the initial elements, and making sure they were available was more difficult since everyone expected me to demonstrate my skills, with my first procedures being “supervised” by surgeons or cardiologists to endorse my capability.

How has the landscape of interventional radiology evolved over the years, especially in terms of gender representation? 

I am going to talk about my country and Latin America in general. Little by little, more women are involved in Interventional Radiology, as in the rest of the world. In countries like Mexico, Colombia, Chile, Brazil, and Peru, we already find women in leadership positions. This has opened more opportunities for women who want to dedicate themselves to the specialty.

In my country, we are already training three female interventionists and that would make us four.

What advice do you have for women who are aspiring to enter the field of interventional radiology?

It is a very complete specialty, in which you have the ability to intervene in many areas of medicine, and the important thing is to have a passion in everything you do, since from the smallest to the most complex procedure you are able not only to save lives but to carry out precise diagnoses and treatments with minimally invasive procedures.

To women: We are capable of developing ourselves in any area we get involved in, and the important thing is to believe in yourself, and to have the confidence that what you do will always be the best for you.

Are there any specific skills or areas of knowledge that you recommend focusing on during training for a career in interventional radiology?

I think that all areas are important, however it is important to take into account where you will be and where you will develop your work in the future; since many of us were trained in other countries and when we return to our countries of origin we get frustrated for not having everything that we have been taught; however, we can strengthen ourselves in areas such as oncology, pain, biliary, etc.

For people who train in a country with many opportunities, as with everything in medicine, it is always a good idea to rotate through all the areas and evaluate which one is of interest to you and try to strengthen that area.

Can you share any insights into the networking opportunities available for women in interventional? 

Among the opportunities for exchanging ideas and knowledge are the Interventional Radiology meetings  where you find forums and have the opportunity to meet leaders firsthand,

Also social media and open forums where you can interact and look for opportunities.

What role do you think diversity plays in enhancing the practice of interventional radiology? 

We are a world with different opinions, people, races, genders; and that makes us what we are “human beings”; with incredible and different capacities that when together have always achieved the best.

Medicine in general should take advantage of the diversity of people, with different perspectives, realities, and experiences because we all have a common goal which is a “patient”; and that patient will also be full of diversity for which the contribution of everyone is important.

How do you see the future of interventional radiology, and what opportunities do you anticipate for women in the field? 

Our specialty is growing every day, not only in numbers but also in areas such as oncology, vascular, pain, etc. In the future, I see a greater number of subspecialties within our field.

As for women, I am pleased to see women in leadership positions and, above all, maintaining that position.

Are there any specific organizations or conferences that you recommend for networking and career development in interventional radiology? 

I think the Canadian Association for Interventional Radiology (CAIR) has done an excellent job, with areas focused on female leadership, opening up many opportunities.

I couldn’t mention a particular conference without underestimating the many that there are; the important thing is to be present and not be afraid to ask to participate and then you can see how the slightest contact or comment can lead to good results.

When I started Interventional Radiology I didn’t have the slightest idea who to talk to or where to start I went to a congress of my society (Ibero-American Society of Intervention) in Cancun, Mexico and I remember arriving at the registration table and finding a man in front of me and I asked him: Excuse me, Doctor, do you know who can help me train in Interventional Radiology? And coincidentally he was one of the founders of Interventional Radiology in Mexico, who was kind enough to take me to all the department heads of the area and I began to have contact with all of them.

What advice do you have for women in interventional radiology who are navigating leadership roles within the specialty? 

The most important thing about leadership is to maintain it and take it over the long term, because we have very good leaders, however, maintaining that leadership is costly since it depends on many social factors.

It is always advisable when having a leadership position, to look for space and identify other women leaders who can accompany us in these tasks.

What aspects of the field/ your work do you dislike? How do you work around this? 

I think that in my job what I don’t like are the changes in hospital policies or the lack of supplies that we sometimes face in underdeveloped countries because it leads us to levels of frustration that if we don’t know how to manage, lead us to levels of stress that are not healthy.

Have you encountered any specific stereotypes or misconceptions about women in interventional radiology, and how do you address them? 

In general, women are always given special attention when it comes to handling stressful situations; since we are preconceived as emotional beings; therefore, we are often frowned upon even though our behavior is not different from that of our male colleagues. This leads many of us to want to develop masculine attitudes in order to be accepted, however, this is a mistake; since we must have counseling from both men and women for handling situations that bring emotions or work stress.

How do you handle situations where you may be the only woman in a professional setting, and what advice do you have for navigating such scenarios? 

Always believe in yourself and your abilities. I believe that men and women have different behaviors and reactions, however, the certainty of believing in yourself and the confidence you have in yourself will be enough. Never try to act differently to impress. Everyone will be respected for their individuality.

What steps can women take to foster a supportive and collaborative community within the interventional radiology field? 

Always identify a leader, whether male or female, who supports equality initiatives; as well as encourages activities among colleagues, and supports teams with nurses and technicians to maintain a team environment.

Problems between hierarchies between physicians and support staff are very common, however, having a collaborative environment makes work more comfortable and respectful.

Can you share any experiences or insights related to the integration of artificial intelligence in interventional radiology practice? 

At the moment we have not had any integration with AI, however I know it will be very promising.

How do you balance the demands of interventional radiology with family responsibilities, and what advice do you have for women aiming to achieve this balance?  

As doctors and people of science we are focused on achieving a 50/50 balance; however, in scenarios of procedures, emergencies, and night shifts, trying to achieve that balance is often impossible and leads to frustration and anxiety.

As I said previously, the important thing is to understand yourself, know your limits, and have a circle of trust in your partner or family, who understand your goals and support you.

Always knowing that you cannot be in everything at the same time will save you stress.

One must take advantage of the time you are free with the family to the maximum, disconnect a little,e and dedicate that quality time.

We must stop feeling guilty for not being able to be with the family all the time or try to be like other mothers or daughters, but rather feel satisfied with what we do. In your day-to-day life, work absorbs you, however, you can have quality time with your family with the same passion as you work.

Can you speak to any initiatives or projects you’ve been involved in that aim to address gender disparities or enhance the representation of women in interventional radiology? 

At the last congress of my society, for the first time, there was a segment dedicated to women in Interventional Radiology; however, it was more of an empowerment approach; represented by a medical student, foreign doctors, and leaders in intervention, where our message to the entire audience was that we feel equally capable and now we need leaders who integrate us and give us opportunities.

I believe that women’s initiatives should be directed at promoting the leadership and guidance capabilities that we women have.

From this congress onwards, women’s leadership groups and the creation of support networks in the different Latin American countries will always be promoted.

Rebecca Spouge, MD PGY5 at the University of British Columbia Accepted to Interventional Radiology Fellowship in New Zealand

What initially sparked your interest in interventional radiology, and how did your experiences during residency influence your decision to specialize in this field?

My interest in interventional radiology was sparked in medical school while completing my clerkship rotations. During these rotations I realized how much I enjoyed both the tangibility of hands-on technical care and the challenge of diagnostic problem solving; Interventional Radiology sat at the cross-section of these two skills.  My interest was solidified in my off-service year when an interventional team successfully mitigated an acute variceal bleed. I was inspired by the way the team approached the case, calmly with a focus on collaboration, and I have been hooked from there on out. There have been a number of mentors throughout the course of my Residency who have helped foster my love for IR. These teachers have come in the form of co-residents, fellows, staff, the interventional technologists, and nursing staff alike.

Learning from everyone in the IR team has been deeply rewarding and I look forward to continuing to develop my skills and knowledge in this field throughout fellowship and my career.

As a resident, how do you manage the intense demands of radiology, preparing for a fellowship in IR, while maintaining a work-life balance?

Great question. I think this is a challenge for any resident regardless of their specialty. I’d say there is no one answer, but there are a number of different strategies I’ve found helpful. The most important strategies for me have been keeping a strong support system, organizing my time, and having hobbies outside of medicine.  I’m lucky to have an amazingly supportive family. My parents and siblings have been incredible sounding boards throughout residency, helping me keep things in perspective while keeping me laughing.  I’ve found that maintaining a system to organize my time has been extremely helpful. I’m a fan of a calendar that highlights major deadlines and a daily “To-Do list,” breaking things down into manageable pieces each week. Outside of medicine, I’ve been singing practically since the time I could speak and feel lucky to be a part of the Chorus Studio. I think an effective way of managing the demands of IR is making time for the things you love outside of work, whether it be your hobbies or time with family and friends.

What advice would you give to women as medical students or residents who are still exploring different specialties but are curious about interventional radiology?

Stay curious! It’s a great field and you should continue to seek opportunities to check it out. Particularly for the medical students out there on their clerkship rotations, the interventional team works with several sub-specialty consultants. Take the opportunity to visit the department and learn about the patients who have undergone interventional procedures. Developing your clinical acumen will only make you a better Interventional Radiologist. I’d also say, to pursue what you love to do, wherever your interests take you. Interventional Radiology benefits from having diverse perspectives and backgrounds in the room who all work together on the common goal of caring for the patient and completing successful procedures. Keep up the passion and interest for this specialty!

Are there specific technical skills or knowledge areas that you found particularly important to develop early on in your residency?

There are skills in each rotation throughout residency that can be added to your interventional tool kit. During off service year, I found the clinical rotations in the ICU and surgical subspecialties helped me to think critically about the broader clinical picture and develop patient management skills. I gained a greater understanding of what each subspecialty physician goes through on a day-to-day basis which I’ve found helpful for more effective collaboration in the radiology department.

Early on in radiology training, I would say get comfortable with an ultrasound probe. At UBC we have two dedicated blocks of diagnostic scanning for call preparation. Even though these weren’t procedure blocks, I found the techniques I learned from our ultrasound technologists incredibly helpful going into procedural rotations. Understanding the knobology, how to maximize your windows and improve your images will set you off on the right foot before picking up a needle.

In terms of knowledge, I think being an excellent diagnostician will only fuel you to be a great Interventional Radiologist. Having a strong foundation in anatomy and pathology prepares you to understand the imaging planes used in the IR suite and guide effective interventional patient management.

Can you share any advice on how to build a professional network during residency, particularly within the field of interventional radiology?

There are a number of ways to build a professional network in interventional radiology. From a local institutional perspective, show up prepared and enthusiastic for your interventional rotations. I’ve found learning from staff, fellows and co-residents has helped me build relationships and connections while also fueling my passion for the field.

The CAIR RFS is also a fantastic platform for both learning about the specialty and connecting with other trainees and staff. The local networking events that have been hosted offered an opportunity for organic conversation and connection. Additionally, the Virtual Angio Club is a great opportunity to learn and understand different interventional techniques utilized across the country.

Conferences are also a great opportunity to build relationships and meet people who are in the field. Attending and staying engaged in sessions, asking questions, and participating in networking events allows for those connections to build, while also being a lot of fun.

What can residents do to foster a supportive and inclusive environment within their interventional radiology program?

Lead by example: Be inclusive. Interventional Radiology relies on effective communication within the team, building relationships with your techs, nurses, porters and staff is super helpful in allowing for this. Working together on cases becomes a lot easier when you understand the people you’re working with.

Collaborate with your co-residents, particularly as you progress through training, and bring your juniors up with you. Teaching provides opportunities for your colleagues to see if IR is also their thing. Plus, if you can effectively teach, it’s a checkpoint to make sure you fully know your stuff too!

Stay curious and treat every day like a new learning opportunity. Staying open-minded to learning in any form helps breed inclusivity with your teachers and other learners alike. Some of my favorite moments in IR thus far have been those “a-HA” “lightbulb” moments where staff and the IR team can observe the successful application of your learning. High fives all around.

What role do mentorship and peer support play in your residency experience, and how have you sought out these resources?

Mentorship was hugely important in developing my initial interest in IR and I have found support from my mentors both diagnostic and interventionist at each stage of residency. UBC fortunately had multiple formal mentorship programs that were integrated into residency. At the beginning of my first year, I was set up with a senior resident mentor in addition to a staff mentor. Having reliable mentors who understand the difficulties of training is incredibly helpful in navigating residency successfully. Outside of the formal mentorship program at UBC, I have found that mentorship often develops organically when you meet others with common interests. Attending program events and showing up keen for your rotations are great opportunities to seek out these individuals and build strong relationships.

What initially sparked your interest in interventional radiology, and how did your experiences during residency influence your decision to specialize in this field?

I first explored IR during my residency. In medical school, I struggled to choose between imaging and surgical specialties.  I was drawn toward procedural-based specialties but ultimately chose radiology due to my love of imaging. I soon realized that IR was a lovely marriage between imaging and procedural-based options and at this point, I started to explore a future in IR.

How do you balance work and personal life in a demanding field like interventional radiology?

Balancing work and personal life is always a challenge, no matter the specialty. Procedural-based specialties do add an element of physical intensity with long hours, standing for extended periods wearing lead and the demands of 24/7 call.  There is no option for remote work and the days can be stressful.  However, the payoff is a job that’s rarely boring and filled with exciting new challenges. For me, balance means recognizing that I need help to succeed.  Life really is a team support and you absolutely do need a village. I can’t be the best mom by myself; I need help from family and friends and I’m not afraid to ask for help when I need it.  This also applies to the practice of medicine; outcomes are best when we work as a team.  Teamwork allows us to perform at our best while maintaining mental health and happiness. Trying to “do it all” alone often leads to burnout.

What are some key challenges you faced as a woman in interventional radiology, and how did you overcome them?

When I chose IR as a subspecialty, I realized there were very few female role models within the field.  In fact, at the time I entered the field, there were no women with children in academic IR and I wasn’t sure if having a family would be an option for me in such a job.  I had many questions about pregnancy, maternity leave, and balancing family life with call duties, and there were few answers at the time. As I navigated my career, I faced challenges, especially when I had kids. The work atmosphere wasn’t always supportive, but over the years, things improved. There’s now a much greater awareness of work-life balance, which has positively impacted my younger colleagues. Representation truly does matter because I never really saw myself in this field but I imagined it would be possible and now I can see many individuals just like me everywhere and I hope that means that we are more inclusive, compassionate and welcoming to all as a specialty.  I don’t think we’ve solved all the problems but we’ve certainly come a very long way.

How has the landscape of interventional radiology evolved over the years, especially in terms of gender representation? 

Within the community, I think we’ve made great strides in gender equity in our field.  We still have some ways to go within academic IR but I do think this is also improving slowly.  I think the barriers are again around uncertainty with respect to balancing aspirations around family and work (often easier to attain in the community), concerns about radiation and fertility and fitting into a culture with fewer female representatives but I’m hopeful we will get there.

What advice do you have for women who are aspiring to enter the field of interventional radiology?

My advice is to follow your interests.  If you enjoy IR, you can make it work although you will have to be open to compromise. It is possible to enjoy your work, have a family, and be happy and successful in both arenas. Do what you love and the rest will follow.

Are there any specific skills or areas of knowledge that you recommend focusing on during training for a career in interventional radiology?

Try and explore IR during residency to truly understand if it matches your expectations.  The foundation of IR is imaging. This is our superpower and where we often separate ourselves from pretenders to the field. Understanding the imaging is more than half the battle so focus on being an excellent radiologist and build on these skills. Additionally, manual dexterity is essential, and there are physical demands to IR. Make sure you’re comfortable with that component of the job.

Can you share any experiences or insights related to the integration of artificial intelligence in interventional radiology practice? 

AI excels in pattern recognition and repetitive tasks.  While it may have a role in IR, much of our work requires creativity and adaptability, areas that AI has not yet mastered. We are constantly inventing modern ways in which to do existing procedures and novel creation is still not something AI has perfected.  Our job also requires flexibility; often there are many approaches to a certain problem and this is another area that can be problematic for AI.  There are areas where AI will be very helpful. Software is already utilized for planning ablation zones, calculating optimal doses for radioembolization, targeting lesions, and vessel mapping and measurement just to name a few examples; AI will make these tasks faster and more accurate.  I feel AI will actually help us improve our outcomes and even standardize our work.

Can you share any insights into the networking opportunities available for women in interventional radiology? 

I think CAIR is making an effort to create opportunities for networking within its umbrella and I think that the larger societies in North America are doing something similar. I think on a local scale, reaching out to those who may be able to provide insight is always helpful.  I know I still keep in contact with several of my old fellows, many of whom are women and I very much enjoy seeing them develop thriving practices of their own. Remember mentors don’t have to be women, they just have to be allies in that they create inclusive and supportive environments.

What role do you think diversity plays in enhancing the practice of interventional radiology? 

Representation matters. It’s motivating for people to see themselves in roles to which they aspire. A diverse workplace fosters inclusion and contributes to a sense of belonging. This is important not only for us healthcare workers but also for our patients. A healthcare team that reflects the diversity of the community we serve increases patient comfort and trust. It also can improve outcomes for marginalized populations and improve their experience within our system. When I started, my workplace was less diverse, and at times, this could feel isolating. Now, diversity has grown significantly, and it’s had a positive effect on our team and our patients.  I hope that every trainee regardless of gender, ethnicity, or religion, feels accepted and welcomed in our field.

How do you see the future of interventional radiology, and what opportunities do you anticipate for women in the field? 

Interventional radiology is constantly changing and it’s really only limited by our imagination.  We are now moving to an independent residency model and this is likely going to accelerate the drive to subspecialization in areas such as peripheral vascular disease, interventional oncology, and even women’s health.  Women can continue to develop interventions in women’s health, an area often overlooked even today. Our skills are transferable across various areas, so proficiency in one type of intervention can readily transition to another. Our field is highly creative and rapidly evolving, so the opportunities are limitless. I encourage all our fellows to pursue their interests without self-imposed limitations.

Are there any specific organizations or conferences that you recommend for networking and career development in interventional radiology? 

CAIR and SIR both have women’s groups embedded in the larger organization.  Reaching out on a local level to residents, fellows and staff for mentorship is always a good way to start career exploration.  Make an effort to do an IR elective, and participate in conferences, rounds, or even journal clubs.

What advice do you have for women in interventional radiology who are navigating leadership roles within the specialty? 

Focus on building your skills and developing your core interests; then accept opportunities on a local level whether it’s teaching, collaborating with other specialties or research-based activities and soon more leadership roles will follow.   The opportunities are endless but it’s important to prioritize your interests.  Learning to say no has been a bigger challenge for me than learning to say yes.

What aspects of the field/ your work do you dislike? How do you work around this? 

There is an element of politics in almost every job and although I never paid attention to it early in my career, I soon realized that it played a role whether I liked it or not.  Pay attention to these elements of the job even though it seems distasteful to most of us; it does impact access to resources and ultimately to job satisfaction.

Have you encountered any specific stereotypes or misconceptions about women in interventional radiology, and how do you address them? 

Early in my training, I was told that IR was really only for men and that the women in the field were not interested in families because of radiation exposure and had very poor work/life balance.  I soon realized this was entirely incorrect and that there were in fact women in the field and that some did in fact have families and most strived for an optimal work-life balance.  I realized that radiation protection was excellent and that I didn’t have to sacrifice my desire to be a mom in order to be an IR.  Over time with more women entering the field, I think this stereotype has been firmly shattered.

How do you handle situations where you may be the only woman in a professional setting, and what advice do you have for navigating such scenarios? 

Early in my career, I was often one of the very few women in the field (and often the only woman of color present) but over time that situation has thankfully become very rare. When you are a sole representative, in most situations, those around you almost always make you feel like you belong but the risk of being “othered” or having to endure microaggressions does occur.  In fact, I have even seen uncomfortable behavior directed at patients in this type of setting.  This is the real danger when dealing with a lack of diversity.  There is an impact on us as healthcare workers but often the greater impact can be on our patients. Fortunately, these situations are rare today. I think it’s important to always stay calm and not let unpleasant words or actions rattle you.  I think this is why allyship is so important because if you have a cohesive workplace, even if you happen to be the only woman or perhaps the only person of color; there will be individuals who will make you feel comfortable. Be confident, open, and welcoming and hopefully, those sentiments will be reciprocated.

What steps can women take to foster a supportive and collaborative community within the interventional radiology field? 

We do our best to help our colleagues and be supportive because this makes everyone’s lives easier.  Reach out to your colleagues to see how they are doing and ask if they are enjoying the job.  If there are issues, brainstorm together to see if you can come to an amiable solution. Make sure that your partners have the support they need to be happy in their job. A collegial and warm working environment is priceless.

How do you balance the demands of interventional radiology with family responsibilities, and what advice do you have for women aiming to achieve this balance?  

Ensure you are supported by a warm and loving team.  This applies to your family, friends, and your colleagues.  When looking for a job, make sure the colleagues you work with understand the challenges of child-rearing and that there is a sense of working together to ensure that everyone can meet their responsibilities both at work and at home.  Child rearing and IR are both team sports so don’t be afraid to ask for help. Finding your balance will take some trial and error but you will find it with some perseverance.

Can you speak to any initiatives or projects you’ve been involved in that aim to address gender disparities or enhance the representation of women in interventional radiology? 

I’ve mentored women at all stages of their careers, from medical school to fellowship, and I remain available to offer support throughout their careers. I continue to stay in touch with many former fellows, both male and female and enjoy seeing them succeed. I view mentorship as a long-term investment in creating a more diverse community in IR. By helping others, we build a stronger, more inclusive field for future generations

Aida is a 4th-year radiology resident at the University of Toronto. She has been a member of the CAIR Residents and Fellows Section for the past three years, where she currently acts as the Vice Chair. She shares her perspectives as a resident pursuing interventional radiology.

What initially sparked your interest in interventional radiology, and how did your experiences during residency influence your decision to specialize in this field?

In medical school I was drawn to procedural specialties which led me to organize an interventional radiology elective. I was instantly captivated by the dynamic and innovative field of IR. IR seemed to embody the forefront of medicine—cutting-edge, rapidly evolving, and integral to patient care. Upon starting radiology residency, I arranged multiple IR rotations early on in my training to gain more exposure to the field. Despite the long days and the complex nature of the speciality with its steep learning curve, IR was consistently the rotation where I felt most engaged and fulfilled.

Looking for ways to explore this field, I became involved in research projects which opened doors for presenting at conferences and meeting interventionalists from Canada, United States and Europe. These experiences broadened my understanding of the diverse scope of IR. Furthermore, I met role models, including other female IRs, who were leading successful and fulfilling careers. Their mentorship and willingness to discuss the field with me were invaluable. Additionally, my involvement with CAIR has been a key part of my journey. The organization provided me with numerous opportunities to engage in IR-related projects particularly within the Residents and Fellows section, where I now have the privilege of acting as vice chair

What advice would you give to women as medical students or residents who are still exploring different specialties but are curious about interventional radiology?

Consider exploring IR as a specialty early on in your training. Explore the field by organizing IR electives and rotations. Work with various staff, and at different sites in order to explore the breadth and depth of a career in IR.

Become involved in the IR community. Join the CAIR organization, which gives you access to several in-person and virtual events where you can learn more about the field, network with IR fellows and staff, and attend the CAIR annual conference.

Lastly, pave your own path. Don’t be limited by what others perceive is a good career fit for you. Don’t let naysayers discourage you from pursuing your passion. Afterall, there are successful female surgeons across all surgical specialties, and IR is not any different.

Can you share any advice on how to build a professional network during residency, particularly within the field of interventional radiology?

Attend IR conferences and meetings, where you can network with people across the country and beyond. For me, I did not see a lot of women in IR at my current institution, however when I attended national and international conferences, I saw that there were many women in IR, with fulfilling and successful careers, who were spearheading trials, leading departments, and performing cutting edge procedures; these became the people whom I looked up to.

Share with others you are interested in IR. This opens up opportunities as they will connect you to mentors and put your name forward when opportunities come up. Reach out to residents and fellows pursuing IR for career exploration, who can provide guidance and be a great resource.

Are there any specific resident-focused organizations, workshops, or conferences that you found particularly beneficial for career development in interventional radiology?

The CAIR Residents and Fellows section hold several events throughout the year, including Virtual Angio Club, introduction to IR events for medical students, women in IR panel discussions, just to name a few! The CAIR annual meeting along with its Trainee Day is also another excellent opportunity to network and learn about IR.

The Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology Society of Europe (CIRSE) conferences are also great events to attend and learn about IR at a global stage. Both societies also offer a myriad of virtual meetings which are valuable avenues for career exploration.

What role do mentorship and peer support play in your residency experience, and how have you sought out these resources?

I was fortunate to have many incredible mentors who took the time to teach me procedures, even on their busiest days, encouraged me to attend conferences, supported my research projects, and genuinely invested in helping me pursue this specialty. Senior residents and fellows also played a crucial role by offering valuable insights on how to navigate the process of preparing for and applying to the field. As you consider a career in interventional radiology, you may encounter well-intentioned individuals who voice doubts or reinforce stereotypical views of the field, such as: IR is not well-suited for women, that it doesn’t align with family life, or that it often leads to burnout. Having strong mentors whom you can look up to—individuals who can share personal, real-life experiences of practicing IR and offer a balanced perspective on these concerns—can be incredibly helpful in making an informed decision about pursuing a career in IR.

Can you share your journey into interventional radiology and what inspired you to pursue this specialty?

I have always enjoyed medical procedures and thought I would end up in a surgical specialty. All that changed one day when I was a General Practitioner: I was working in ICU and we had a patient in the unit with pancreatitis who was not doing too well. He developed a large pancreatic pseudocyst and was too unstable for surgery. The doctors in the unit recommended CT guided drainage of the pseudocyst and I was very curious to know how that is done. I quickly volunteered to go with the patient to the radiology unit for the procedure, which I also got to assist in. After the procedure the patients condition improved dramatically and he was discharged about 3 weeks later. That was a career pivot for me. I became so fascinated about everything IR and started doing more research around it: how minimally invasive procedures can solve complex clinical challenges reducing hospital stay, recovery time and, in many cases, risk to the patient. I was also drawn to how innovative IR is: many procedures we do now started as new solutions for managing pathological contexts in a minimally invasive manner. The following year I applied for a Diagnostic Radiology residency in my home country, Kenya, which I completed 2 years ago and went ahead to apply for fellowship, which I started at the University of Toronto in July 2024.

How do you balance work and personal life in a demanding field like interventional radiology?

It requires a lot of intentionality and emotional intelligence. I am still seeking that balance, because fellowship is very demanding in terms of work and mental application. It helps to develop a daily self-care routine: I am a Christian and make it a point to start my day connecting with God to sets a positive tone for the day. I am deliberate about creating time to rest each evening and connect with friends and family over the weekends. I’m lucky to have a strong support system who are able to step in and support me both morally and in everyday activities, for example childcare. I have made it a point to communicate with my family and prepare them for seasons where I have to focus on work-related tasks and dedicate more time to them when work eases up.

In terms of work, I strive to prioritize tasks and complete them as efficiently as possible in a timely manner, one at a time. I have learnt to accept setbacks and make adjustments to my plans and schedules as need be. I am also learning how to set both professional and personal boundaries.

What advice do you have for women who are aspiring to enter the field of interventional radiology?

Embrace the learning process. The IR learning curve can be steep and plagued with a number of challenges by virtue of the complexity and number of procedures performed as well as the volumes in some centers, but stay focused on your goal and do not give up. Be patient with yourself.

Focus on progress rather than perfection. Any little advancement in skillset and knowledge compounds over time. Embrace a growth mindset and take any mistakes as learning opportunities. Celebrate any small achievements along the way.

Seek out opportunities for career growth. Learn the most from any teachers and mentors willing to support you as you pursue IR. If possible, attend IR conferences and meetings. They serve as excellent platforms for getting to know what’s new as well as networking with others passionate about IR.

Lastly, don’t be afraid to chase your dreams. They might just come true!

What steps can women take to foster a supportive and collaborative community within the interventional radiology field?

It is important to recognize and celebrate each other’s strengths and work together avoiding unhealthy competition. This can be done by building professional relationships and offering mentorship to younger doctors. When women come together great things happen!

More women should take up leadership positions at both our workplaces and in professional associations to influence the IR culture from a place of authority. We need to be more involved in the setting up of both hard and soft policies that influence the practice of IR.

What role do you think diversity plays in enhancing the practice of interventional radiology?

I am very fortunate to work in a culture that celebrates diversity and inclusion. Human beings are diverse: by embracing diversity, a health system benefits from the perspectives of persons from different backgrounds and experiences, creating a culture where new ideas and innovative approaches can thrive. An inclusive working environment has been shown to attract and retain talented professionals.

Diversity also enhances patient experience and overall patient care: numerous studies have demonstrated greater patient satisfaction when seeking medical attention from physicians with racial concordance.

It is also pivotal in inspiring the next generation of doctors to consider IR as a specialty: when they see someone with whom they share common ground practicing and excelling in the profession, they start to see themselves in such roles, which can act as a strong driving force,

In the context of Global health, what can be done to advance Interventional Radiology in developing countries?

In my country, Kenya, IR has grown over the last few years, though there is still a great deal to do. Support in terms of training would really promote IR. Many residents and practicing radiologists have interest but are limited by the available training opportunities. Opening up fellowship positions to radiologists from developing countries would go a long way, even as we develop our own training institutions. Some organizations such as RAD-AID and Road2IR make visits to developing countries to build capacity for practicing IRs and their teams (including nurses and radiology technologists) in terms of teaching of specialized IR techniques and offering guidance in the setting up and running of an efficient IR service. This has contributed tremendously to our IR practice as a country.

Establishment of a good supply chain of consumables would also contribute to the growth of IR. We mainly rely on third party vendors who sometimes sell IR equipment at high prices and sometimes provide items that are not of optimum quality. We sometimes struggle to get specialized catheters and wires because they are not carried by the vendors. The supply chain is also unstable: it operates on demand and supply which translates to stockouts from time to time.

Can you share your journey into interventional radiology and what inspired you to pursue this specialty?

I had always been drawn to a surgical specialty and with an undergraduate degree in Neuroscience, I had thought about going into Neurosurgery so signed up for a summer research internship, complete with shadowing in the clinic and OR. During one of the cases, I remember seeing brain tissue in the Yankauer suction and tubing and thought, “I don’t know about this … maybe there’s something out there with more finesse?” During my medical school radiology rotation, one of the faculty suggested I spend some time in IR since they knew my affinity for surgery.  It only took a few assignments in the IR suite to realize this was it for me: the complexities of surgery with the finesse I desired.  That’s how I ended up entering the field. I completed my radiology residency at the University of Southern California (USC) and it was there that I found my community and sense of belonging.  IR is very much a team sport, and I had a great group of mentors: Drs. Sue Hanks, Vicki Marx, Michael Katz, and Donald Harrell. In them, I witnessed a high-functioning team delivering top notch care while having fun doing so and thought that I could see myself in a career like that. Becoming an interventional oncologist was pure serendipity; my husband is a medical oncologist and the years of training for internal medicine/oncology and radiology were not perfectly aligned. He matched to Houston first and I joined him there after finishing my final year at USC. During my fellowship at MD Anderson, I continued to find guidance from Drs. Marshall Hicks, Michael Wallace, Sanjay Gupta, and Steve McRae. They gave me my first job, and the rest is history. We’ve been in Houston for almost 20 years!

How has the landscape of interventional radiology evolved over the years, especially in terms of gender representation?

I think the most important development in IR throughout my career is our designation as a primary medical specialty in the United States.  It is a recognition of our distinct skillset in the delivery of clinical care and image-guided interventions.  As one of the thirty-seven primary medical specialties in the US, this means that students can choose to enter a career in IR directly after medical school graduation as opposed to in the past where IR was a fellowship or added qualification after a diagnostic radiology residency. It demonstrates we have officially left the “specials” basement and that being an IR is no longer synonymous with being a “proceduralist:” we are clinicians who provide longitudinal patient care and image-guided therapy to patients across a vast range of disease states. Across the globe, we are seeing movement towards interventional radiology’s evolution towards subspecialty or specialty status. Moreover, it also allows us access to medical students where there is equal gender representation as compared to having to recruit from diagnostic radiology residents which traditionally has skewed towards more male representation. Over the last ten to fifteen years, I’ve seen a concerted effort to attract women into the field, starting with initial efforts to educate medical students and residents around what a career in IR can look like for them.  We are just now starting to see the effects of these efforts as there have been fundamental increases in the number of women trainees entering the IR residency pathway. My hope is that these efforts not only continue at the medical school level but that we also develop robust support systems so the gains in gender representation at the entry point translate to sustained and durable representation in the IR workforce.

How do you balance work and personal life in a demanding field like interventional radiology?

Before you can start to balance anything, it’s important to know what your priorities are. It’s also expected that you will have big goals across different aspects of your personal life and career but important to recognize that all those goals don’t have to be actualized at the same time.  For me, having a supportive partner has been the single most important element that has allowed me to explore different aspects of being an academic IR and leader. One specific thing we’ve tried to do is to eat dinner as a family every weeknight which we have been told by our teenage son is unusual compared to his friends’ families. I also try to keep in mind that rarely are things in perfect balance – some days will be better than others.

What advice do you have for women who are aspiring to enter the field of interventional radiology?

Do it! It’s a great specialty. For any career, I think the most important piece of advice for people is to be able to define what success means to them. This definition can and will change over time so but “knowing” at any one point in time what is important and meaningful to you at this point in your career is the key to finding joy in your work. Do the research and look into all the potential work models that may fit with the professional goals you are trying to achieve.  Take the time to explore and connect with IRs who may not have traditional academic or private practice jobs.  The great thing about IR is that there are so many potential areas of focus – neuro, peds, women’s health, oncology, vascular – that you really have lots of options in terms of clinical interest and your day-to-day workflow.

Can you share any insights into the networking opportunities available for women in interventional radiology?

We live in a very interconnected world and IR is still a relatively small specialty.  While meetings are great for face-to-face interactions and organized networking activities, don’t underestimate the chance to connect via “electronic” outreach – email, text, DM, zoom.  There have been many times in my career when I’ve been faced with a case or research question where I’ve reached out to an expert seeking advice.  You’d be surprised that for the most part, people are willing and happy to give a little bit of their time to answer a question or help with an issue. For me this has translated to both academic collaborations as well as lasting friendships

What advice do you have for women in interventional radiology who are navigating leadership roles within the specialty?

First, I’m a firm believer in the philosophy that “opportunities multiply when seized” with the caveat that this is true only if you demonstrate you can succeed at the opportunities you take. Second, you also have to accept that not everything is going to go your way and that’s ok; another opportunity will come around. Third, I’ve found it helpful to be observant; look for role models in established and emerging leaders — how have they succeeded, how have they not, what leadership styles resonate the most with you?  Lastly, read. Last I checked, leadership was not a required course in either medical school or residency but there are many different approaches and countless books on the topic.  Just as I had to read up about how to work up a patient for a particular IR intervention during my residency training, the same applies for people interested in a leadership journey.

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Purpose

The purpose of the CAIR Award is to recognize those who have made significant contributions and provided extraordinary service to the Canadian Interventional Radiology Association and/or the discipline of Interventional Radiology.

• Service to Interventional Radiology may include teaching, research, clinical investigation, and/or promotion of Interventional Radiology or CAIR. Research must be recognized for quality and consistency by publication in recognized professional journals.
• Service to CAIR may include outstanding contributions to the CAIR, other medical organizations, and/or government agencies.

The CAIR Award may also recognize individuals who have dedicated their past and present talents to advancing the quality of patient care through the practice of Interventional Radiology, and/or who, by their outstanding achievements, also help to ensure the future of the field.

Eligibility

• CAIR member in good standing for the past five (5) years
• Candidates may not nominate themselves
• CAIR Board members are not eligible during their term of office
• Individuals will not be considered if they have received an award within the last five (5) years

Nomination Process

Nominations must be submitted via email to cairservice@cairweb.ca, by December 31st, 2024, attention: Nominating Committee, subject: CAIR Award nomination and include the following:

1) Completed nomination information, including:

• Nominator’s name, affiliation, title, address, phone number, and email.
• Nominee’s name, affiliation, title, address, phone number, and email.

2) A statement / letter of nomination, not to exceed 500 words, addressing the following areas:

• Significance of contributions.
• Quality and impact of contributions.
• Years (duration) of significant effort.
• Geographic range of contributions.

3) One (1) letter of support (in addition to the nominator’s narrative) from a person familiar with the nominee’s achievements.

Please note the letter of support must be from a person other than the nominator.

Evaluation Criteria

The process of evaluating nominations is:

1) Determination of eligibility for consideration

• Does the nomination satisfy the guidelines for eligibility?
• Is the nomination complete?

2) Determination of merit

• If a candidate is deemed eligible, the merit of their nomination should be evaluated with respect to the narrative, letter of reference, resume/CV, and any additional supporting documentation.

3) Selection: A nominating committee will review the submissions and make recommendations to the CAIR Board for final approval.

• CAIR is under no obligation to present the award annually.
• Except under special circumstances, the award will be given to one nominee each year.
• Only in the event of the demise of the nominee after being selected shall the award be presented posthumously.

Presentation of the Award

The CAIR Board President will present the Award at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Canadian Association for Interventional Radiology.

The Department of Medical Imaging, McMaster University and the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hamilton Health Sciences are seeking a combined full-time academic interventional and body radiologist for the Hamilton General Hospital site.

The Hamilton General Hospital is a large tertiary referral centre, with a busy vascular surgical service and Level 1 trauma program.  The preferred candidate will have fellowship training interventional radiology. The interventional radiology practice includes vascular work (i.e. angiograms, angioplasty/stenting, embolization, thrombectomy/thrombolysis), and non-vascular work (i.e. biopsy, drainage, gastrostomy, GJ tubes, nephrostomy).  The successful candidate will have an opportunity to develop new services and IR consultation clinic in collaboration with colleagues. The position also involves body imaging, including radiography, fluoroscopy, ultrasound, body CT and opportunity for body MR.  The body imaging service at Hamilton General supports a variety of general and tertiary level subspecialty medical and surgical services.  This position involves participation in the city-wide interventional radiology on call roster at the Hamilton Health Sciences sites encompassing Hamilton General Hospital, the Juravinski Hospital and the McMaster University Medical Center. Candidates must possess skills that enhance our interdisciplinary tertiary clinical teams and collaborative environment, including participation in regularly-scheduled multidisciplinary rounds.  The position involves scheduling for clinical work, subspecialty and teaching rounds, encompassing assignments in both inpatient and outpatient settings.

The full posting is available here.

The Department of Medical Imaging, McMaster University and the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hamilton Health Sciences are seeking a full-time academic interventional radiologist for the Hamilton General Hospital site.

The Hamilton General Hospital is a large tertiary referral centre, with a busy vascular surgical service and Level 1 trauma program.  The preferred candidate will have fellowship training in interventional radiology. The interventional radiology practice includes vascular work (i.e. angiograms, angioplasty/stenting, embolization, thrombectomy/thrombolysis), and non-vascular work (i.e. biopsy, drainage, gastrostomy, GJ tubes, nephrostomy).  The successful candidate will have the opportunity to develop new services and establish an IR consultation clinic in collaboration with colleagues.  The position also includes some general radiology/body imaging assignments.  The successful candidate should be comfortable with interpretation of vascular ultrasound and CT. The position involves participation in the city-wide interventional radiology on call roster at the Hamilton Health Sciences sites encompassing Hamilton General Hospital, the Juravinski Hospital and the McMaster University Medical Center. Candidates must possess skills that enhance our interdisciplinary tertiary clinical team and collaborative environment, including participation in regularly-scheduled multidisciplinary rounds.  The position involves scheduling for clinical work, subspecialty and teaching rounds, encompassing assignments in both inpatient and outpatient settings.

The full posting is available here.

Can you share your journey into interventional radiology and what inspired you to pursue this specialty?

During my residency in radiology, I was introduced to the field of interventional radiology, and it was a revelation. The blend of cutting-edge technology, precision, and direct patient care resonated deeply with me. I was particularly inspired by the minimally invasive nature of interventional procedures, which offered patients quicker recovery times, less pain, and fewer complications compared to traditional surgical methods.

A key moment that solidified my decision was seeing the differences between an open neurosurgical clipping and a coiling when treating ruptured aneurysms. The ability to use imaging guidance to navigate catheters and instruments through the body, directly addressing the medical issue without the need for large incisions, was nothing short of remarkable. This experience underscored the profound impact interventional radiology can have on patient outcomes, and I wanted to be a part of this transformative field.

The dynamic nature of interventional radiology, with its constant advancements and innovations, continues to inspire me. Every day presents new challenges and opportunities to improve patient care through minimally invasive techniques. The combination of diagnostic acumen and procedural expertise required in this specialty keeps me intellectually stimulated and professionally fulfilled.

Moreover, as a diagnostic and interventional neuroradiologist, I find great satisfaction in addressing complex neurological conditions. The ability to perform procedures such as stroke thrombectomy, aneurysm coiling, and spinal interventions allows me to make a significant difference in patients’ lives, often in critical situations. This sense of purpose and the opportunity to provide immediate and impactful care drives my passion for interventional radiology.

How do you balance work and personal life in a demanding field like interventional radiology?

Balancing the demands of a career in interventional radiology with personal life, especially as a mother of 2 year old twins, necessitates a bit of planning, prioritization, and having a good support system. Here are some key strategies that I employ to maintain this balance:

I. Setting Priorities: I try to prioritize my responsibilities both at work and at home. At work, this means focusing on the most critical tasks and procedures, ensuring patient care is always the top priority. At home, my family’s needs come first, and I make sure to allocate quality time for them despite a busy schedule.

II. Time Management: Effective time management is crucial. I try to maintain a structured daily routine, which helps me and my family stay organized and efficient. This includes scheduling dedicated time for family activities, exercise, and self-care. Utilizing tools like calendars and planners with automated reminders, helps keep track of both professional commitments and personal engagements.

III. Delegation and Teamwork: At work, I rely on a supportive team of colleagues and staff.  Delegating tasks when appropriate and collaborating with my team ensures that patient care is seamless and efficient. At home, I share responsibilities with my partner and seek help from family members when needed, creating a supportive network that allows me to balance my roles effectively.

IV. Setting Boundaries: Establishing clear boundaries between work and personal life is essential. I strive to limit work-related tasks and communications to office hours whenever possible, ensuring that evenings and weekends are reserved for family and personal time. This helps create a mental separation between professional and personal spheres, reducing stress and burnout.

V. Self-Care and Wellness: Maintaining my physical and mental well-being is vital for managing a demanding career. I incorporate regular exercise into my routine, training at the gym two or three times a week. This not only helps me stay in shape but also serves as a stress reliever. Additionally, I try to engage in other activities including walks, bicycling and going out to the park with the whole family to keep active.

VI. Quality Time with Family: Despite a busy schedule, I make it a point to engage in meaningful activities with my family. Whether it’s simple everyday moments or planned outings, spending quality time with my twins and partner is a priority. This strengthens our bond and ensures that I am present for important milestones in my children’s lives.

VII. Flexibility and Adaptability: Flexibility is key in managing unexpected demands, both at work and at home. Being adaptable allows me to respond to emergencies or changes in schedule without compromising my responsibilities. This requires a proactive approach to problem-solving and a willingness to adjust plans as needed.

VIII. Seeking Support: Recognizing the importance of a support system, I connect with peers and mentors in the medical field who understand the unique challenges of interventional radiology. Their advice and shared experiences provide valuable insights and encouragement.

What are some key challenges you faced as a woman in interventional radiology, and how did you overcome them?

Navigating a career in interventional radiology as a woman has presented several unique challenges. However, through resilience, support, and strategic action, I have been able to overcome these obstacles. Here are some key challenges and how I addressed them:

I. Gender Bias and Stereotyping: One of the primary challenges has been dealing with gender bias and stereotypes. Interventional radiology is a male-dominated field, and at times, I have encountered preconceived notions about my capabilities based solely on my appearance and gender. This bias can manifest in subtle ways, such as being unnecessarily questioned by patients or potentially overlooked for complex procedures or leadership roles.

Overcoming Strategy: I have approached this challenge by consistently demonstrating my expertise and competence. By excelling in my work and trying to always be prepared, I have earned the respect of my colleagues and established myself as a capable and skilled professional. I have gained their trust and I feel appreciated when I receive a request to go help out in the angio suite or give an opinion on a case. Additionally, I have sought out mentors and role models within the field who have provided guidance and support in navigating these biases.

II. Work-Life Balance: Balancing the demanding nature of interventional radiology with personal life responsibilities, especially as a mother, has been another significant challenge. The unpredictable hours and high-stress environment can make it difficult to maintain a healthy work-life balance.

Overcoming Strategy: Implementing effective time management and setting clear boundaries between work and personal life have been crucial. I was lucky to be allowed to gradually return to work after my maternity leave starting with 20% and slowly increasing that. Currently I am working at 80% plus full-time call, which is a good balance. I have leveraged support from my partner, family, and professional networks to ensure I can meet the demands of both spheres.

III. Networking and Professional Development: Networking within a predominantly male field can be challenging. Professional development opportunities and networking events are often male-centric, making it difficult for women to establish connections and advance their careers.

Overcoming Strategy: I have actively sought out and participated in women-focused professional groups and organizations. These groups like for example the WINN (Women In Interventional Neuroradiology) provide a supportive environment for networking, mentorship, and professional growth. Additionally, attending conferences and workshops dedicated to diversity and inclusion in medicine has allowed me to connect with like-minded professionals and expand my network.

IV. Leadership and Advancement Opportunities: Gaining leadership positions and advancing in a male-dominated field can be difficult. Women may face additional scrutiny and higher expectations when pursuing leadership roles.

Overcoming Strategy: To overcome this, I have focused on building a strong professional portfolio, highlighting my achievements, skills, and contributions to the field which is sometimes counterintuitive for a woman. Seeking out leadership training programs and taking on challenging projects have helped me develop the necessary skills and experience for advancement. Additionally, advocating for myself and expressing my career aspirations to mentors and supervisors has been essential in securing leadership opportunities.

V. Workplace Environment and Support: Ensuring a supportive and inclusive workplace environment is critical. At times, the lack of female representation and support within the department can lead to feelings of isolation and stress.

Overcoming Strategy: I have fostered a network of support by connecting with other women in radiology and interventional specialties, some are at my local institution but also across different centers, countries, and continents. Establishing peer support groups and participating in initiatives aimed at promoting diversity and inclusion within the workplace has been beneficial. Additionally, advocating for policies that support work-life balance and family-friendly practices has contributed to a more inclusive and supportive environment.

Despite these challenges, the progress and advancements in interventional radiology are promising. The increasing recognition of the value of diversity and inclusion in medicine is leading to more opportunities and support for women in the field. By addressing these challenges head-on and leveraging support systems, I have been able to thrive in my career and contribute to the advancement of interventional radiology.

How has the landscape of interventional radiology evolved over the years, especially in terms of gender representation?

The field of interventional radiology has undergone significant evolution over the years, marked by significant advancements in technology, techniques, and patient care. One of the notable areas of progress has been the increasing representation of women within the specialty. This shift has been influenced by several key factors:

I. Increased Awareness and Advocacy: Over the past decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of diversity and inclusion within the medical field. Professional organizations, advocacy groups, and educational institutions have actively promoted gender equality and worked to create a more inclusive environment for women in interventional radiology. Initiatives such as mentorship programs, scholarships, and awareness campaigns have encouraged more women to pursue careers in this specialty.

II. Supportive Networks and Mentorship: The establishment of supportive networks and mentorship programs specifically aimed at women in interventional radiology has played a crucial role in increasing gender representation. These programs provide valuable guidance, support, and career development opportunities for women, helping them navigate the challenges and excel in their careers. Mentorship from experienced female interventional radiologists has been instrumental in inspiring and guiding the next generation of women in the field.

III. Changing Perceptions and Stereotypes: The perception of interventional radiology as a male-dominated field has gradually changed. As more women have entered and excelled in the specialty, they have challenged traditional stereotypes and demonstrated their capabilities. This shift in perception has encouraged more women to consider interventional radiology as a viable and rewarding career option. Additionally, the visibility of successful female interventional radiologists in leadership positions has served as powerful role models for aspiring women in the field.

IV. Work-Life Balance and Family-Friendly Policies: Recognizing the importance of work-life balance, many medical institutions and organizations have implemented family friendly policies and flexible work arrangements. These initiatives have made it easier for women to manage their professional and personal responsibilities, making the field more attractive and accessible. Programs such as parental leave, part-time work options, and on-site childcare have contributed to creating a more supportive environment for women in interventional radiology.

V. Educational and Training Opportunities: Enhanced educational and training opportunities have also played a significant role in increasing gender representation. Medical schools and residency programs have made concerted efforts to recruit and retain female students and trainees. By providing equal opportunities for training and career advancement, these programs are helping to bridge the gender gap.

VI. Professional Organizations and Conferences: Professional organizations such as the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE) have taken active steps to promote gender diversity. These organizations host conferences, workshops, and networking events that focus on the contributions of women in interventional radiology. By highlighting the achievements and experiences of female interventional radiologists, these platforms inspire and empower more women to pursue careers in the field.

VII. Improved Radiation Awareness and Protection: When working with women in my field, the question often arises: how safe are we truly? Although there is a small risk, it can be significantly mitigated with adequate radiation protection measures. Moreover, promising new radiation protection options are emerging, which could eventually lead to a lead-free interventional suite. I believe that having more women in the field will help drive these advancements forward.

Despite these positive changes, there is still work to be done to achieve full gender parity in interventional radiology. Continued efforts to address gender disparities, provide mentorship and support, and promote inclusive policies are essential for further progress. By fostering a culture of diversity and inclusion, the field of interventional radiology can continue to evolve and benefit from the contributions of talented and dedicated women.

What advice do you have for women who are aspiring to enter the field of interventional radiology?

Entering the field of interventional radiology is a rewarding and exciting career choice, offering the opportunity to make significant contributions to patient care through innovative and minimally invasive procedures. For women aspiring to join this dynamic specialty, here are some key pieces of advice to help navigate the journey:

I. Seek Mentorship and Build Networks: Find mentors who can provide guidance, support, and insights into the field. Seek out both male and female mentors who can offer diverse perspectives. Join professional organizations such as CAIR and SIR and participate in their events and networking opportunities. Building a strong network of colleagues and mentors is invaluable for career development and overcoming challenges.

II. Gain Exposure and Experience Early: Get involved in interventional radiology as early as possible during your medical education. Participate in rotations, shadowing opportunities, and research projects related to the field. This early exposure will help you develop a strong foundation and understanding of the specialty, making you a more competitive candidate for residency programs.

III. Stay Informed and Continuously Learn: Interventional radiology is a rapidly evolving field with constant technological advancements and new techniques. Stay informed about the latest developments by reading journals, attending conferences, and participating in continuing medical education (CME) activities.

IV. Develop Technical Skills and Confidence: The hands-on nature of interventional radiology requires excellent technical skills and precision. Take every opportunity to practice and refine your procedural skills. Simulators, workshops, and hands-on training sessions are valuable resources. Building confidence in your abilities will enable you to perform procedures effectively and handle complex cases.

V. Advocate for Yourself and Your Career: Be proactive in advocating for your career aspirations and seeking opportunities for advancement. Communicate your goals and interests to mentors and supervisors. Don’t be afraid to take on challenging projects, leadership roles, and research opportunities that can showcase your skills and dedication. Self-advocacy is crucial for career progression in any field and is especially important for women as sometimes we tend to not do it.

VI. Balance and Self-Care: Balancing a demanding career with personal life is essential for long-term success and well-being. Prioritize self-care, maintain a healthy work-life balance, and set boundaries to prevent burnout. Engaging in hobbies, spending time with family, and practicing mindfulness can help you stay grounded and focused.

VII. Promote Diversity and Inclusion: Be an advocate for diversity and inclusion within the field. Support initiatives that promote gender equality and work towards creating a more inclusive environment for future generations of interventional radiologists. By contributing to a culture of diversity, you help ensure that the field continues to attract and retain talented individuals from all backgrounds.

VIII. Embrace Challenges and Persevere: The path to becoming an interventional radiologist may come with challenges, including gender bias and work-life balance issues. Embrace these challenges as opportunities for growth and development. Perseverance, resilience, and a positive mindset are essential qualities that will help you overcome obstacles and achieve your career goals.

IX. Leverage Resources and Opportunities: Utilize the resources available to you, including scholarships, grants, and leadership programs designed to support women in medicine. These opportunities can provide financial support, professional development, and recognition for your achievements. Actively seek out and apply for these resources to enhance your career trajectory.

X. Stay Passionate and Patient-Centered: Remember the core reason for choosing interventional radiology: to provide exceptional patient care. Stay passionate about your work and maintain a patient-centered approach. The impact you can make on patients’ lives through innovative procedures is profound and fulfilling.

Are there any specific skills or areas of knowledge that you recommend focusing on during training for a career in interventional radiology?

Training for a career in interventional radiology requires a comprehensive and multifaceted approach. Aspiring interventional radiologists should focus on developing a diverse set of skills and areas of knowledge that will enable them to excel in both procedural and clinical settings.  Here are some key areas to concentrate on during your training:

I. Technical Proficiency and Procedural Skills: Mastering the technical aspects of interventional radiology procedures is fundamental. This includes gaining proficiency in the use of imaging modalities such as fluoroscopy, ultrasound, CT, and MRI to guide minimally invasive procedures. Practice catheter and wire manipulation, vascular access techniques, and device deployment. Hands-on experience through simulations, workshops, and supervised procedures is invaluable in developing these skills.

II. Clinical Knowledge and Patient Care: A strong foundation in clinical medicine is essential for understanding the broad spectrum of conditions treated by interventional radiologists. This includes knowledge of anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Being able to assess and manage patients holistically, both before and after procedures, is crucial. Interventional radiologists often see patients in clinic, and having diverse clinical skills allows for comprehensive patient care.

III. Diagnostic Imaging Interpretation: Developing expertise in interpreting diagnostic imaging studies is critical. This includes the ability to analyze radiographs, CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds to identify abnormalities and plan appropriate interventions. Accurate imaging interpretation ensures precise targeting and effective treatment during procedures.

IV. Patient Communication and Interpersonal Skills: Effective communication skills are vital for interacting with patients, families, and healthcare teams. Being able to explain procedures, risks, and benefits in a clear and compassionate manner builds trust and ensures informed consent. Strong interpersonal skills also enhance collaboration with colleagues from various specialties, which is essential for coordinated patient care.

V. Problem-Solving and Decision-Making: Interventional radiology often involves complex cases that require quick and accurate decision-making. Developing strong problem-solving skills and the ability to think critically under pressure is essential. Training should include exposure to a wide range of scenarios and complications, enabling you to respond effectively to unexpected challenges.

VI. Ultrasound-Guided Procedures: Proficiency in ultrasound-guided procedures is increasingly important in interventional radiology. Ultrasound offers real-time imaging, allowing for precise guidance during procedures such as biopsies, drainages, and vascular access. Training in ultrasound techniques enhances your versatility and ability to perform a wide range of interventions.

VII. Endovascular Techniques: Endovascular procedures, such as angioplasty, stenting, and embolization, are core components of interventional radiology. Gaining expertise in these techniques, including the use of various devices and materials, is essential. Understanding vascular anatomy and pathology is critical for successful endovascular interventions.

VIII. Minimally Invasive Oncology: Interventional oncology is a growing subspecialty within interventional radiology. Training should include exposure to minimally invasive cancer treatments such as tumor ablation, chemoembolization, and radioembolization. Knowledge of oncology principles and collaboration with oncology teams is important for providing comprehensive care to cancer patients.

IX. Research and Innovation: Staying abreast of the latest advancements and contributing to research in interventional radiology is important for career growth and the advancement of the field. Engage in research projects, present at conferences, and publish findings to stay at the forefront of innovation. Understanding the principles of clinical research and evidence-based practice enhances your ability to implement new techniques and technologies.

X. Leadership and Professionalism: Developing leadership skills and professionalism is crucial for career advancement and effective team management. Participate in leadership training programs, take on leadership roles within your training program or professional organizations, and demonstrate professionalism in all interactions. Strong leadership skills enable you to advocate for patients, lead multidisciplinary teams, and contribute to the growth of the field.

In conclusion, aspiring interventional radiologists should focus on developing a very diverse set of skills and areas of knowledge. This includes diagnostic imaging interpretation, clinical knowledge, technical proficiency, patient communication, problem-solving, ultrasound-guided procedures, endovascular techniques, minimally invasive oncology, research, and leadership. By honing these skills, you will be well-equipped to provide comprehensive and high-quality care to patients, both in the clinic and during procedures.

Can you share any experiences or insights related to the integration of artificial intelligence in interventional radiology practice?

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into interventional radiology (IR) is transforming the field, enhancing both diagnostic and procedural capabilities. AI has the potential to revolutionize how we approach patient care, offering improvements in efficiency, accuracy, and outcomes. Here are some experiences and insights related to this exciting development:

I. Enhanced Imaging Analysis: AI algorithms can analyze medical images with remarkable precision, identifying patterns and anomalies that may be missed by the human eye. In my practice, AI has been particularly beneficial in improving the detection and characterization of vascular conditions. For instance, AI tools can assist in identifying subtle changes in acute ischemic stroke, aiding in hyperacute diagnosis and treatment.

II. Procedural Planning and Navigation: AI-driven software has greatly enhanced procedural planning and navigation. Advanced algorithms can generate detailed 3D models from imaging data, providing a comprehensive view of the patient’s anatomy. This allows for precise pre-procedural planning and real-time guidance during interventions. In complex cases, AI-generated models help optimize the approach and improve accuracy, reducing the risk of complications.

III. Workflow Optimization: AI has the potential to streamline workflow and improve efficiency in the interventional radiology suite. Automated image analysis, reporting, and data entry reduce the time spent on administrative tasks, allowing more focus on patient care. AI-driven scheduling systems can optimize procedure timing and resource allocation, minimizing downtime and enhancing overall productivity.

IV. Training and Education: AI is also playing a role in the education and training of future interventional radiologists. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) platforms, powered by AI, provide realistic simulations for procedural training. These technologies allow trainees to practice complex interventions in a risk-free environment, honing their skills before performing procedures on actual patients. The feedback from these simulations, guided by AI, is highly detailed and helps accelerate the learning curve.

V. Challenges and Considerations: While the integration of AI in interventional radiology offers numerous benefits, it also presents challenges. Ensuring the accuracy and reliability of AI algorithms is crucial, as errors can have significant consequences. Additionally, the integration of AI requires significant investment in technology and training. It is essential to address potential biases in AI models and ensure that they are validated across diverse patient populations.

VI. Future Directions: The future of AI in interventional radiology is promising, with ongoing research and development aimed at expanding its applications. Emerging technologies, such as AI-guided robotic interventions and real-time image analysis during procedures, are poised to further enhance precision and outcomes. Collaboration between radiologists, data scientists, and engineers is key to unlocking the full potential of AI in the field.

How do you handle situations where you may be the only woman in a professional setting, and what advice do you have for navigating such scenarios?

Being the only woman in a professional setting can present unique challenges, but it also offers an opportunity to demonstrate leadership, resilience, and confidence. Here are some strategies
and advice for navigating such scenarios effectively:

I. Confidence and Competence: Confidence in your skills and competence in your field are your greatest assets. Focus on demonstrating your expertise and knowledge through your work. Prepare thoroughly for meetings and presentations, and don’t hesitate to share your insights and ideas. Your confidence will help you gain respect and establish your credibility.

II. Building Allies and Support Networks: Seek out allies and mentors within your organization or professional community. Building relationships with supportive colleagues, both male and female, can provide a valuable support system. These allies can offer guidance, advocate for you, and help amplify your voice in professional settings.

III. Effective Communication: Clear and assertive communication is key. When you speak, ensure that your points are well-articulated and backed by data or evidence. Practice active listening and engage in conversations confidently. If you encounter interruptions or dismissals, assertively but respectfully reclaim your time and space to speak.

IV. Professionalism and Integrity: Maintain a high standard of professionalism and integrity in all your interactions. This includes being punctual, meeting deadlines, and adhering to ethical standards. Your professionalism will reinforce your position as a respected and reliable colleague.

V. Addressing Bias and Stereotypes: If you encounter bias or stereotypes, address them calmly and professionally. It’s important to educate and inform rather than confront aggressively. Highlight your achievements and capabilities to counteract any preconceived notions. If necessary, seek support from other women and/or diversity and inclusion initiatives within your organization.

VI. Seeking Leadership Roles: Taking on leadership roles can help you influence the culture and dynamics of your professional setting. Volunteer for committees, lead projects, and seek out opportunities to mentor others. Your leadership can inspire and pave the way for more women to enter and succeed in the field.

VII. Balancing Assertiveness and Empathy: Striking a balance between assertiveness and empathy is crucial. While it’s important to assert yourself, showing empathy and understanding towards your colleagues fosters a collaborative and positive work environment. Building strong interpersonal relationships can help you navigate challenges more effectively.

VIII. Continuous Learning and Development: Stay updated with the latest advancements and trends in your field. Continuous learning and professional development enhance your expertise and keep you at the forefront of your profession. This not only boosts your confidence but also reinforces your value within the organization.

IX. Promoting Diversity and Inclusion: Advocate for diversity and inclusion within your professional setting. Support initiatives and programs that promote gender equality and create a more inclusive environment. By championing these efforts, you contribute to a culture that values and respects diversity.

X. Self-Care and Resilience: Managing stress and maintaining resilience are essential. Practice self-care through regular exercise, hobbies, and spending time with family and friends. Building resilience helps you stay focused and motivated, even in challenging situations.

Advice for Navigating Being the Only Woman:

• Be Visible and Vocal: Don’t shy away from opportunities to showcase your skills and contributions. Participate actively in meetings, discussions, and professional events.
• Build a Personal Brand: Establish a strong personal brand based on your expertise, values, and achievements. Your personal brand will set you apart and create a lasting impression.
• Find a Mentor: Seek out mentors who can provide guidance, support, and advocacy. A mentor can offer valuable advice and help you navigate complex professional landscapes.
• Network Strategically: Build a diverse professional network both within and outside your organization. Networking can open doors to new opportunities, sometimes very valuable and completely unexpected, and provide a broader perspective.
• Stay Positive and Persistent: Challenges are inevitable, but maintaining a positive attitude and persistent effort will help you overcome obstacles and achieve your goals.