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Radiation exposure and protection update: what you need to know – SAM session

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1. The main source of radiation to the operator is from:

    1. putting hands in the beam
    2. scatter radiation
    3. off axis radiation
    4. gamma rays
    5. directly from the tube

Correct Answer: B) scatter radiation 
Reference: Reference Miller DL, Vañó E, Bartal G, et al. Occupational Radiation Protection in Interventional Radiology: A Joint Guideline of the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology Society of Europe and the Society of Interventional Radiology. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010;33:230–239.

2. Maneuvers to decrease the patient dose include:

  1. Maximize source-to-skin distance and minimize image receptor-to-patient distance
  2. Minimize source-to-skin distance and image receptor-to-patient distance
  3. Minimize source-to-skin distance and maximize  image receptor-to-patient distance
  4. Maximize source-to-skin distance and image receptor-to-patient distance
  5. None of the above

Correct Answer: A) Maximize source-to-skin distance and minimize image receptor-to-patient distance 
Reference: Reference: Miller DL, Balter S, Schueler BA, et al. Clinical radiation management for fluoroscopically guided interventional procedures. Radiology. 2010;257(2):321–332.

3. A mnemonic describing manoeuvres to reduce operator and patient dose is:

  1. TIPPS
  2. IMHO
  3. FLATUS
  4. TIDS
  5. TRIO

Correct Answer: D) TIDS: Time, Intensity, Distance 
Reference: Jones K, Miller D.  Radiation Safety in Interventional Radiology: In Handbook of Interventional Radiology Procedures 6th Ed.  Wolters Klower, Philadelphia, PA  

4. Which of the following statements about human interactions with radiation is true?

  1. Dose thresholds for safety are absolute
  2. Skin is the most radiosensitive organ
  3. Humans have widely variable responses to the same radiation dose
  4. Anti-oxidants do not modify response to radiation exposure
  5. A bit of radiation is good for you

Correct Answer: C) Humans have widely variable responses to the same radiation dose 
Reference: Reference:   Abdelhalim, Patel, A PhD; Moquet J et al.  Higher Incidence of Chromosomal Aberrations in Operators Performing a Large Volume of Endovascular Procedures.  Circulation. 2022;145:1808–1810.

5. The following diseases have been seen with higher incidence in physicians doing fluoroscopic procedures:

  1. Cataracts
  2. Carotid atherosclerosis
  3. Brain tumors
  4. Musculoskeletal disorders 

Correct Answer: A,B,C,D All of the above 
Reference: Investigation of radiation dose around C-arm fluoroscopy and relevant cancer risk to operating room staff. Robatjazi M, Dareyni A, Baghani HR, Hosseinzade M, Akbarzadeh R, Mehrpoyan M.Radiat Environ Biophys. 2022 May;61(2):301-307. 

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